Words similar to hypoxic
Example sentences for: hypoxic
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The inclusion criteria were GCS ≤ 9, and specific medical diagnoses as follows: hypoxic or ischaemic injury; focal cerebral injury; general cerebral injury; metabolic or septic encephalopathy; and drug-induced coma or toxic injury, including drug overdose and coma persisting 24 h after discontinuation of toxic substances.
Moreover, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been identified as a master regulator for the expression of genes involved in essential hypoxic responses that maintain ATP levels in cells.
During exercise, slow twitch motor units serving oxidative fibers are recruited first during moderate exercise, and motor units serving glycolytic fibers are recruited later and during more severe exercise [ 1 ] . This is in contrast to electrical stimulation of sufficient intensity where all motor units are thought to be activated simultaneously [ 31 ] . The larger regional difference in VEGF mRNA signal after electrical stimulation may be due to the fact that this protocol was more metabolically demanding than the treadmill exercise protocol, or indeed because the rat muscle was hypoxic during electrical stimulation.
However, recent reports indicate that transcription of the p27 Kip1gene can be activated by neuronal differentiation [ 12 ] , treatment with vitamin D3 [ 13 14 ] , interferon and cytokines [ 15 16 17 ] , and exposure to hypoxic conditions [ 18 ] or xenobiotics [ 19 ] . Transcription of the p27 Kip1gene can be negatively regulated by growth factors [ 20 ] and by c-Myc [ 21 ] . Some of the growth factor and cytokine effects on p27 Kip1transcription may be mediated by the forkhead family of transcription factors that appear to be regulated downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway [ 22 23 24 25 ] . The use of alternative promoters leading to multiple transcription start sites, as reported here, suggests an additional type of transcriptional control.
In support of the latter possibility, the gastrocnemius muscle may have been hypoxic, despite the fact that all rats were mechanically ventilated during the electrical stimulation protocol.
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