Words similar to hydrolyze
Example sentences for: hydrolyze
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Thus, in MDCK cells, MEK1 inhibition significantly reduces the ability of cPLA 2 to hydrolyze AA from membrane phospholipids.
To combat these enzymes, β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam have been given in combination with a β-lactam containing antibiotic to treat bacterial infections [ 52 ] . One class of β-lactamases that are particularly unaffected by the known β-lactamase inhibitors and have been shown to hydrolyze almost all known β-lactam containing antibiotics including late generation carbapenems at high rates are the metallo-β-lactamases [ 14 15 16 17 18 19 ] . Although there are no reports of metallo-β-lactamases isolated from major pathogens [ 51 53 ] , these enzymes are produced by pathogens such as B. fragilis, S. maltophilia, and P. aeruginosa.
These bacteria become resistant by a number of mechanisms, such as producing enzymes that hydrolyze or inactivate the antibiotics, producing efflux pumps that transport the antibiotic out of the cell, or modifying their cell wall components so they no longer bind effectively to the antibiotics [ 1 2 3 ] . The most common, least expensive, and effective antibiotics are the β-lactam containing antibiotics, such as the penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems [ 2 4 5 ] . These antibiotics are mechanism-based inhibitors of transpeptidase, a bacterial enzyme required for the production of a strong viable cell wall [ 6 7 ] . In response to the widespread use of β-lactam containing antibiotics, bacteria have acquired the ability to produce β-lactamases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze and inactivate β-lactam containing antibiotics.
In accordance with metal-ATP complex coordination on other enzymes that hydrolyze ATP, like F 1 -ATPase [ 22 28 ] , the γ- and β-phosphate of ATP most likely bind to VO 2+while the third carboxyl group is contributed by a side-chain of aspartate or glutamate of sCD39.
They hydrolyze the N -acetylmuramate- L-alanine linkage, and are potent bacteriolytic enzymes [ 24, 25].
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