Words similar to factor-α
Example sentences for: factor-α
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Once in the tissue, monocytes undergo the poorly understood process of transformation to macrophages with altered morphology and function [ 19 ] . In arthritis, synovial macrophages might cause joint destruction by differentiating to bone-resorbing osteoclasts [ 20 ] or by releasing cartilage-degrading enzymes and cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α [ 8 ] . It has therefore been suggested that therapies for chronic arthritis should be aimed at depleting joint mononuclear cells or controlling the activation of synovial macrophages [ 21 ] . Indeed, elimination of macrophages by clodronate-laden liposomes in rat models of adjuvant [ 22 ] and antigen-induced arthritis [ 23 ] induces amelioration of the arthritis.
Macrophages in RA synovium secrete many inflammatory mediators (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and PGE 2 ) and a variety of matrix metalloproteinases, and are thought to play a central role in the inflammation and joint destruction characteristic of RA [ 2].
Reversal of IL-2-induced toxicity by corticosteroid or anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antibodies also blunts its therapeutic efficacy, further indicating the mandatory nature of this association [ 11, 12].
Other workers have noted that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which inhibit COX activity result in increased COX protein expression [ 41], while differences between COX protein expression and activity have been reported to be produced by some cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, and also nitric oxide donors [ 42, 43].
The PPARγ agonist, 15d-PGJ 2 , functions as a general inhibitor of microglial functions [ 56 57 58 ] . For example, this agent inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 β and major histocompatibility complex class II in activated microglia.
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