Words similar to estrogens
Example sentences for: estrogens
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In this regard, it is known that the hormonal action of estrogens may be mediated by the differential expression of estrogen receptors alpha vs betta in brain structures that activate or inhibit cell death mechanisms [ 56 ] . Although, this parameter was not directly investigated in this study, the differing influence that dietary phytoestrogens had on CALB (significant decrease) and COX-2 (significant increase) in the male frontal cortex, suggests that phytoestrogens may activate programmed cell death.
ERα enhances AP-1 activity in response to estrogens, [ 28 29 ] but ERβ inhibits AP-1 activity in response to estrogens [ 29 30 31 ] . ERβ also completely suppresses ERα activity at the cyclin D1 promoter and even suppresses the activity of an ERα mutant that is selectively superactive at AP-1 sites and CREs [ 29 ] . Finally, ERβ shows a unique capacity to enhance AP-1 activity in response to selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as raloxifene, tamoxifen and ICI 182,780/Faslodex (ICI) [ 30 31 32 ] . Together, these observations suggest that there are fundamental differences in the way that the ERs bind unspecified cofactors that modulate gene expression, and that some of these cofactors must play a role in differential ER activity at AP-1 sites.
Estrogens affect a variety of tissues, including reproductive tissues, bone, liver, cardiovascular system and brain.
Estrogen receptors have been identified in cultured fibroblasts of various origins and vascular smooth muscle cells [ 51 52 53 ] . Estrogens enhance proliferation of fibroblasts and inhibit vascular smooth muscle migration [ 54 55 ] . Binding of estrogens to fibroblasts also stimulates fibroblast interaction with epithelial cells with subsequent acceleration of maturation of epithelial cells [ 56 ] .
While the ER isoforms have contrasting effects on AP-1 activity in the presence of estrogens, ERα truncations that lack the NTD and ERβ both enhance AP-1 activity in the presence of SERMs [ 30 31 ] . Mutational analysis of ERα action at AP-1 sites suggests these effects may be related to N-CoR binding [ 39 ] , and we have proposed that SERM action at AP-1 sites may therefore involve contacts with corepressors [ 31 51 ] . The fact that ERα and ERβ show completely different ligand preferences of interaction with N-CoR suggests that the target for SERM activation at AP-1 sites may not be N-CoR in both cases.
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