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Example sentences for: disrupts
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In order to determine if cyclin D 1 plays a role in this hyperplasia, kidneys from three proteinuric 40-day old transgenic siblings and three non-transgenic littermates were stained by immunohistochemistry with antibody to phospho-pRb (Ser780), a site of cyclin D 1 /CDK-4/6 phosphorylation not targeted by cyclin E/CDK-2 complexes that disrupts pRb/E2F binding for G 1 → S progression [ 24 ] . Figure 1depicts the intense, heterogeneous nuclear staining of glomerular podocytes and tubular epithelium from hyperplastic nephrons in the diseased transgenics versus the absent staining of nephrons in the non-transgenics consistent with the very low mitotic index in normal kidneys of adult animals [ 26 ] . This suggests that cyclin D 1 is promoting cell-cycle progression during the proliferation of epithelium in diseased kidneys.
These data are reminiscent of prior studies demonstrating that excess endodermal Shh signaling disrupts pancreas development in vivo [16,34].
To test whether the 1B4 provirus disrupts expression of the hnRNP A2/B1 gene, RNA from wild-type mice and mice homozygous for the 1B4 provirus were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization, using hnRNP A2/B1 cDNA probes derived from sequences upstream and downstream of the integration site.
Physiological experiments can also be used to characterize heterochromatin-binding proteins [ 45 ] . For example, absence of Swi6 in fission yeast sensitizes cells to thiabendazole (TBZ), a microtubule depolymerizing drug [ 46 ] . Presumably this occurs because absence of Swi6 disrupts centromeric heterochromatin and, as a result, sensitizes cells to drugs that compromise spindle function.
Tie1 is an orphan receptor, whereas the ligands of Tie2 receptor have been identified as angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang-2 [ 5 6 ] . Ang-1 has been shown to be responsible for recruiting and sustaining periendothelial support cells [ 7 ] . It has been reported that Ang-2 disrupts blood vessel formation in the developing embryo by antagonizing Ang-1-induced autophosphorylation of Tie2 [ 6 ] . Transgenic mouse models of Tie2/Ang-1 result in embryonic lethality due to absence of remodeling and sprouting of blood vessels [ 7 8 ] . The physiologic roles of the Tie2 receptor and its ligands are limited to angiogenic processes that occur subsequently to the earlier vasculogenic and angiogenic actions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors [ 7 ] . VEGF and the Tie family orchestrate optimal blood vessel formation [ 9 10 ] .
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