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Example sentences for: depolarizations
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A possible shift in the voltage-dependence of these charges recruited by long depolarizations would be consistent with the shift in Ca 2+current inactivation and remains to be resolved in γ 1 null myotubes.
reported that under epileptogenic condition (free Mg 2+in ACSF), γ band oscillations arise from GABAergic depolarizations and that this activity may lead to the generation of ictal discharges [ 18 ] . It has been reported that prolonged periods of γ oscillations are associated with temporal lobe seizures in in vivo rats [ 41 ] . Furthermore, human EEG studies with subdural recording electodes showed that a γ band oscillation could be recorded at the start of typical seizure activity [ 42 ] . In this respect, the hyperthermic γ oscillations may also play a critical role in generation of neuronal epileptiform activity.
As a result, large depolarizations drive neurons to fully discharge their membrane potential, whereas small depolarizations decay back to a resting state.
For post-tetanic γ oscillations, the slow depolarizations were mediated by tetanic stimulation-induced GABAergic depolarizing action [ 20 21 22 23 ] . This GABAergic depolarization is attributed to the tetanic stimulation-induced accumulation of intracellular chloride [ 24 ] and extracellular potassium [ 22 ] . For hyperthermic γ oscillations, heating causes a Na +/K +pump failure [ 8 ] , in turn resulting in the accumulation of intracellular Na +and Cl -, as well as extracellular K +, finally causing a slow membrane depolarization.
Nociceptors are specialized primary afferent neurons and the first cells in the series of neurons that lead to the sensation of pain [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ] . The receptors in these cells can be activated by different noxious chemical or physical stimuli [ 9 10 11 ] . The essential functions of nociceptors include the transduction of noxious stimuli into depolarizations that trigger action potentials, conduction of action potentials from peripheral sensory sites to synapses in the central nervous system, and conversion of action potentials into neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals, all of which depend on ion channels [ 6 12 13 14 15 16 ] . Recent expression cloning has led to the identification of the first pain sensory receptor.
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