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Other topics where bioinformatics analysis of available ESTs can improve current knowledge of Meloidogyne molecular biology include the identification of secreted and transmembrane proteins through secretion signal sequence detection [ 77 ] , the creation of a more accurate codon usage/bias and amino-acid usage tables [ 78 ] , the identification of conserved genes and pathways used in dauer/infective stages across nematode species [ 79 ] , the definition and study of nematode-specific domains [ 55 ] , and improved phylogenies based on sampling from multiple genes [ 53 ] .
Presumably, neurons require α-synuclein for their normal function and thus cannot simply dispense with this protein that has toxic properties, although mice in which the α- synuclein gene is knocked out have no obvious deficits (see Dauer and Przedborski [2003] for discussion).
C. elegans . The presence of glyoxylate pathway enzymes in Meloidogyne L2 provides experimental support for the model describing this larval stage as the functional equivalent of the C. elegans dauer larva [ 41 ] . These ESTs and their corresponding cDNA clones will be useful reagents for the further study of the glyoxylate pathway in different stages of the Meloidogyne life cycle.
The one system where diapause has been well elucidated, dauer formation in the nematode C. elegans , indicates that the insulin pathway plays an important role [ 34 ] . Recent work on mutant Drosophila that mimic reproductive diapause in adults also suggests a role for insulin [ 35 36 ] . Insulin, which regulates growth in other stages of development in Drosophila [ 37 38 ] , may therefore play a similar role during A. pisum diapause.
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