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Example sentences for: calbindin
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This cell line spontaneously differentiates in culture and expresses biochemical and morphological characteristics of well-differentiated small intestine-like enterocytes [ 17 23 ] . We have previously shown that Caco-2 cells possess a classical nuclear vitamin D receptor [ 18 ] that directly mediates vitamin D-dependent gene expression [ 22 ] , and exhibits a high degree of specificity for various vitamin D metabolites and analogs [ 20 21 ] . Most importantly, in response to short-term (<24 h) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D treatment, Caco-2 cells increase transepithelial calcium transport [ 17 ] and calbindin D 9K expression [ 19 ] , a cytosolic calcium binding protein.
The available research regarding cognitive function and phytoestrogens suggests that large amounts of phytoestrogens, consumed as tofu, have an adverse influence on cognitive ability in men, where decreased brain weight, increased ventricular size and dementia have been reported [ 44 ] . In ovariectomized female rats, on the other hand, phytoestrogen treatments resulted in a dose-dependent improvement of VSM [ 45 ] . This improvement in cognitive ability in phytoestrogen treated females may be due in part to the increased presence of choline acetyltransferase messenger RNA in the frontal cortex, which has been shown to be associated with protection and enhancement of cognitive function [ 45 ] . Furthermore, we have shown that phytoestrogens significantly affect the brain calcium-binding protein calbindin (CALB), which acts as a buffer by binding intracellular calcium and plays an important role in mediating cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and neurotoxicity [ 48 49 50 51 52 ] . This neuroprotective mechanism via CALB appears to be important in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease [ 48 49 50 51 52 ] . Additionally, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) seems to play an important role in mediating functional neuronal maturation and responses to certain stimuli in the brain [ 53 54 55 ] . The expression of COX-2 is associated with key pathophysiologic events in Alzheimer's disease: deposition of beta-amyloid protein in neuritic plaques within the hippocampus and cortex [ 53 54 55 ] . Of particular importance to this study is the fact that COX-2 has been shown to be influenced by steroidal hormones [ 53 54 55 ] . Therefore, the expression of COX-2 in the frontal cortex may also be hormonally regulated and relevant to cognitive decline.
Studies in human duodenal biopsy specimens have found a significant correlation between CaT1 mRNA and calbindin D mRNA expression [ 16 ] . Thus, as a working hypothesis, we propose that during times of dietary calcium stress, or during periods of high calcium demand, CaT1 expression in the enterocyte is increased by a vitamin D-dependent mechanism.
The coordinated vitamin D-dependent induction of the cytosolic calcium-binding protein calbindin D could serve this function when the need for transcellular calcium flux is high by acting directly or indirectly as a molecular sponge and selectively removing calcium ions from the CaT1 channel and/or to buffer increases in intracellular calcium, thereby preventing premature inactivation of this I CRAC channel [ 15 ] . Calbindin D could also play its traditionally conceived role as a calcium chaperone protein to facilitate the transfer of calcium through the cytosol [ 32 ] and perhaps delivery of Ca ++to the basolateral ATP-dependent calcium pump for extrusion out of the enterocyte [ 33 ] .
Given what is already known about the characteristics of the epithelial calcium channels and calbindin D, it is a plausible hypothesis that CaT1 and calbindin D could work in tandem to maintain high rates of calcium absorption.
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