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Example sentences for: buffergel
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In repeated experiments with HIV-1 IIIB, soluble and micronized CAP, cellulose sulfate, poly(naphthalene sulfonate), poly(styrene-4-sulfonate) and BufferGel, respectively, caused a ≥ 140-fold reduction in infectivity, while dextran sulfate, carrageenan and Carbomer 974P (pH 7), respectively, were less effective (4- to 25-fold reduction in infectivity).
While CAP, carrageenan and BufferGel (Carbomer 974P) had moderate or no effects, cellulose sulfate, dextran sulfate, poly(napthalene sulfonate) and poly(styrene-4-sulfonate) greatly inhibited clotting of ACD plasma (Fig.
To avoid this, CAP in micronized form (which does not aggregate at low pH), instead of CAP in soluble form is being considered as a topical microbicide [ 30 31 32 33 34 35 ] . Micronized CAP (Aquateric) was shown to be virucidal against HIV-1, herpesviruses and several nonviral sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens [ 30 31 32 33 34 ] . The virucidal activity of micronized CAP could at least partly be explained by its buffering capacity at low pH [ 40 ] since it is a free acid while other anionic polymeric microbicide candidates (except BufferGel, the active ingredient of which is Carbomer 974P [ 27 ] ) are sodium salts.
BufferGel was a gift from Dr. Kevin J. Whaley, John Hopkins University.
Such activity was reported for dextran sulfate after 2 h incubation with HIV-1 [ 2 ] but results of other studies indicated that dextran sulfate failed to neutralize virus infectivity [ 4 10 ] . Inactivation of HIV-1 by carrageenan was reported in a review article [ 18 ] . BufferGel is virucidal against HIV-1 by providing a buffered low pH environment (pH 3.9 [ 25 ] ), but virus inactivation might be incomplete and possibly compromised by minor pH increases due to the presence of seminal fluid [ 40 ] . To be effective in preventing infection by direct virus inactivation, anti-HIV-1 microbicides must be virucidal against both X4 and R5 viruses, utilizing CXCR4 and CCR5 as coreceptors [ 39 41 ] , respectively, R5 HIV-1 being most frequently sexually transmitted.
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