Words similar to arsenate
Example sentences for: arsenate
How can you use “arsenate” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
through increased specificity of phosphate uptake, [ 2 ] ), arsenite oxidation through the activity of arsenite oxidase [ 3 4 ] , or peroxidation reactions with membrane lipids [ 5 6 ] . Other microorganisms utilize arsenic in metabolism, either as a terminal electron acceptor in dissimilatory arsenate respiration [ 7 8 9 10 ] or as an electron donor in chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidation [ 11 12 ] . However, the most well-characterized microbial arsenic detoxification pathway involves the ars operon [ 2 13 ] .
However, A. aeolicus is known to have exchanged numerous genes with other microorganisms [ 35 ] , and the phylogeny of its arsenate reductase gene might represent another example of this.
There would have been selective pressure to develop an arsenate reductase that could change this arsenate to arsenite, and this early evolution of an arsC -like ancestor coupled with sequence divergence and HGT would result in the diversity and widespread distribution of arsC genes seen in microorganisms today.
Furthermore, arsenite is generally more labile and toxic than arsenate [ 26 ] , so that expression of arsC , and the ensuing reduction of arsenate to arsenite, might increase the toxicity of arsenic in the environment.
Two of these classes are bacterial (one typified by the arsC found in enteric bacteria such as E. coli ; the other typified by the arsC found in Staphylococcus plasmids and other Gram-positive Bacteria); the third is the Arr2 gene of S. cerevisiae . Phylogenies of these gene families based on 18 arsC sequences were recently reported [ 30 ] . However, as well as microorganisms that have been shown to have demonstrable arsenate resistance, whole genome analyses of various microorganisms have revealed an increasing number of open reading frames (ORFs) that have homology to arsC . Inclusion of these putative arsC genes in phylogenetic analyses might resolve the basic question: Did arsenate resistance systems evolve from a common origin or develop convergently in multiple taxa?
Loading...