Words similar to arsenate
Example sentences for: arsenate
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The arsC sequence of C. acetobutylicum is typical of the clostridial arsC genes, and also shows some similarity to the arsenate reductase sequence in L. interrogans (a Spirochete).
Both forms are toxic to microorganisms, with arsenite disrupting enzyme function, and arsenate behaving as a phosphate analog and interfering with phosphate uptake and utilization [ 1 ] . Microorganisms have evolved a variety of mechanisms for coping with arsenic toxicity, including minimizing the amount of arsenic that enters the cell (e.g.
Two of these classes are bacterial (one typified by the arsC found in enteric bacteria such as E. coli ; the other typified by the arsC found in Staphylococcus plasmids and other Gram-positive Bacteria); the third is the Arr2 gene of S. cerevisiae . Phylogenies of these gene families based on 18 arsC sequences were recently reported [ 30 ] . However, as well as microorganisms that have been shown to have demonstrable arsenate resistance, whole genome analyses of various microorganisms have revealed an increasing number of open reading frames (ORFs) that have homology to arsC . Inclusion of these putative arsC genes in phylogenetic analyses might resolve the basic question: Did arsenate resistance systems evolve from a common origin or develop convergently in multiple taxa?
Recent ideas on the origin of life suggest that early cellular structures were abiotic iron-sulfur formations at submarine hydrothermal vents in the Hadean ocean, in which basic biochemical and metabolic processes could have developed before the formation of cell membranes [ 39 40 ] . As well as iron and sulfur, hydrothermal areas are often are often characterized by high levels of arsenic [ 41 ] and may even contain arsenic redox active microbial communities [ 42 ] . Given the integral role of phosphate in early (and current) cellular metabolism [ 39 ] , an ability to reduce the levels of arsenate (a phosphate analog) might have been an essential biochemical process.
The secondary structure of E. coli arsenate reductase (17978 in the NCBI Molecular Modeling Database, [ 44 ] ) was visualized using Cn3D 3.0 and One-D Viewer 1.0 (available from http://www.ncbi.nih.gov) and used as a model for arsenate reductase secondary structure.
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