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Example sentences for: arsenite
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The ars operon consists of a group of genes coding for a transmembrane pump and an arsenate reductase ( arsC ). The operon includes a regulatory gene ( arsR ) and a gene coding for an arsenite-specific pump ( arsB ) as well as arsC [ 13 ] . Arsenite is pumped directly out of the cell by the arsB protein; however arsenate must first be reduced to arsenite by the cytoplasmic arsenate reductase coded from arsC . Some bacteria also possess other ars genes: arsA produces an arsenite-stimulated ATPase [ 14 ] that results in more efficient arsenite extrusion; arsD encodes for a regulatory protein that controls the upper level of ars expression [ 15 ] ; arsH has been identified but has an uncertain function [ 16 ] . The ars operon was initially recognized in plamids of Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus [ 17 18 ] but has subsequently been found in other microorganisms (e.g.
through increased specificity of phosphate uptake, [ 2 ] ), arsenite oxidation through the activity of arsenite oxidase [ 3 4 ] , or peroxidation reactions with membrane lipids [ 5 6 ] . Other microorganisms utilize arsenic in metabolism, either as a terminal electron acceptor in dissimilatory arsenate respiration [ 7 8 9 10 ] or as an electron donor in chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidation [ 11 12 ] . However, the most well-characterized microbial arsenic detoxification pathway involves the ars operon [ 2 13 ] .
Furthermore, arsenite is generally more labile and toxic than arsenate [ 26 ] , so that expression of arsC , and the ensuing reduction of arsenate to arsenite, might increase the toxicity of arsenic in the environment.
Despite the suggestion of HGT and duplication events, the arsC phylogeny suggests that arsenate reductase is an evolutionarily old enzyme, a hypothesis that was recently suggested for arsenite oxidase [ 38 ] . This is the first phylogenetic analysis of an arsenic redox active gene to include all three domains and the Archaea and Bacteria were clearly separated, with S. cerevisiae subsequently branching from Archaea.
Inorganic arsenic exists primarily in two valence states: arsenite (As III ) and arsenate (As V , or the arsenate ion AsO 4 3-).
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