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Example sentences for: arsenite
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The ars operon consists of a group of genes coding for a transmembrane pump and an arsenate reductase ( arsC ). The operon includes a regulatory gene ( arsR ) and a gene coding for an arsenite-specific pump ( arsB ) as well as arsC [ 13 ] . Arsenite is pumped directly out of the cell by the arsB protein; however arsenate must first be reduced to arsenite by the cytoplasmic arsenate reductase coded from arsC . Some bacteria also possess other ars genes: arsA produces an arsenite-stimulated ATPase [ 14 ] that results in more efficient arsenite extrusion; arsD encodes for a regulatory protein that controls the upper level of ars expression [ 15 ] ; arsH has been identified but has an uncertain function [ 16 ] . The ars operon was initially recognized in plamids of Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus [ 17 18 ] but has subsequently been found in other microorganisms (e.g.
through increased specificity of phosphate uptake, [ 2 ] ), arsenite oxidation through the activity of arsenite oxidase [ 3 4 ] , or peroxidation reactions with membrane lipids [ 5 6 ] . Other microorganisms utilize arsenic in metabolism, either as a terminal electron acceptor in dissimilatory arsenate respiration [ 7 8 9 10 ] or as an electron donor in chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidation [ 11 12 ] . However, the most well-characterized microbial arsenic detoxification pathway involves the ars operon [ 2 13 ] .
The arsC gene is of particular interest in that its product, the soluble enzyme arsenate reductase, catalyzes the reduction of arsenate to arsenite.
Inorganic arsenic exists primarily in two valence states: arsenite (As III ) and arsenate (As V , or the arsenate ion AsO 4 3-).
Both forms are toxic to microorganisms, with arsenite disrupting enzyme function, and arsenate behaving as a phosphate analog and interfering with phosphate uptake and utilization [ 1 ] . Microorganisms have evolved a variety of mechanisms for coping with arsenic toxicity, including minimizing the amount of arsenic that enters the cell (e.g.
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