Words similar to arsenite
Example sentences for: arsenite
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There would have been selective pressure to develop an arsenate reductase that could change this arsenate to arsenite, and this early evolution of an arsC -like ancestor coupled with sequence divergence and HGT would result in the diversity and widespread distribution of arsC genes seen in microorganisms today.
Despite the suggestion of HGT and duplication events, the arsC phylogeny suggests that arsenate reductase is an evolutionarily old enzyme, a hypothesis that was recently suggested for arsenite oxidase [ 38 ] . This is the first phylogenetic analysis of an arsenic redox active gene to include all three domains and the Archaea and Bacteria were clearly separated, with S. cerevisiae subsequently branching from Archaea.
The arsC gene is of particular interest in that its product, the soluble enzyme arsenate reductase, catalyzes the reduction of arsenate to arsenite.
through increased specificity of phosphate uptake, [ 2 ] ), arsenite oxidation through the activity of arsenite oxidase [ 3 4 ] , or peroxidation reactions with membrane lipids [ 5 6 ] . Other microorganisms utilize arsenic in metabolism, either as a terminal electron acceptor in dissimilatory arsenate respiration [ 7 8 9 10 ] or as an electron donor in chemoautotrophic arsenite oxidation [ 11 12 ] . However, the most well-characterized microbial arsenic detoxification pathway involves the ars operon [ 2 13 ] .
Both forms are toxic to microorganisms, with arsenite disrupting enzyme function, and arsenate behaving as a phosphate analog and interfering with phosphate uptake and utilization [ 1 ] . Microorganisms have evolved a variety of mechanisms for coping with arsenic toxicity, including minimizing the amount of arsenic that enters the cell (e.g.
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