Words similar to δ-
Example sentences for: δ-
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It is known that during clonal selection in the thymus, immature CD4, CD8 double positive cells develop into single positive CD4 or CD8 cells according to the relative affinity of their TCR to class II or class I molecules respectively [ 5 6 ] . These immature T-cells are selected in the thymic epithelium on the basis of their TCR interaction with either class I or class II MHC molecules [ 7 8 ] , thus generating two mutually exclusive subpopulations that are characterized by the expression of either CD4 or CD8 glycoproteins [ 9 ] . Earlier studies in the murine system have demonstrated that PMA and cAMP can modulate the expression CD4 and CD8 on developing thymocytes [ 10 11 12 13 ] . In keeping with these findings, ex vivo experiments with human thymocytes previously reported by our group, revealed that while phorbol esters can coordinately regulate the transcription of α and β TCR during intrathymic T cell differentiation [ 14 ] , cAMP selectively affected the transcription of the α and δ-TCR [ 15 16 ] . Together the murine data and our own findings support the hypothesis that in humans, TCR expression and CD4, CD8 commitment and selection may be regulated by the same signal-transduction pathways.
We have shown that δ-opioids increase the phosphorylation of ERKl/2 in HEK-293 cells when the mouse wild type (WT) δ-OR is stably expressed [ 11 13 ] . The concentrations required to observe DSLET-mediated ERK phosphorylation (EC 50 = 10 nM; Figure 1a) are consistent with those reported for other δ-OR-mediated events, including G protein activation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition [ 16 17 ] . Moreover, no change in total ERK expression was observed, concomitantly, with ERK phosphorylation in any of our experiments (data not shown).
In cells pretreated with DSLET (10 μM; 24 hours) to induce down-regulation of δ-ORs [ 21 ] , DSLET (1 μM) was no longer able to activate the ERK cascade, but the ERK response to acute EGF (10 ng/ml) was unchanged compared to medium-treated controls (Figure 6).
, unpublished observations), similar to what we previously reported for the δ-OR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary or HEK-293 cells [ 11 13 ] . Thus, in at least two different cell lines, HEK-293 and C6 glioma, we have significant evidence that transactivation of an endogenously expressed RTK is not required for ERK activation through opioid receptors.
Cell treatment and the immunoprecipitation (IP) of the δ-OR or the EGFR
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