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Example sentences for: via
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Insulin transduces its cellular signal in most cell types via two signaling pathways, i.e., the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway [ 8 ] . Insulin initially binds to the insulin receptor causing autophosphorylation of the β-subunit of the receptor [ 8 ] . The protein kinase domain of the β-subunit then phosphorylates tyrosine residues in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, or Shc, which then activates the p44/42 MAPK signaling cascade [ 8 ] . PD98059 is a cell permeable, non-competitive, reversible inhibitor of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), a protein kinase upstream of p44/42 MAPK [ 9 ] . Tyrosine phosphorylated IRS also activates the PI 3-kinase pathway [ 8 10 ] . There are at least three, well-characterized inhibitors of the PI 3-kinase pathway, i.e., wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin [ 11 12 13 ] . Wortmannin and LY294002 block the activation of PI 3-kinase itself [ 11 12 ] , while rapamycin prevents the phosphorylation of a downstream effector in the pathway, p70 S6 kinase [ 13 ] .
Although we know that the membrane-proximal clasp on the integrin cytoplasmic face controls the integrin activation, the distal side of either the α or β cytoplasmic tails may also play a role in integrin activation, since other mutations indicate that the C-terminal membrane distal region is important in regulating integrin activation via a mechanism that is yet unknown.
Mirrored code is sent out to individual sites via the internet to minimize programming burden [ 39 ] . Finally, handheld devices will increasingly allow extension of desktop systems and will be used for many routine tasks such as capturing vital signs or administering medications.
Repression of RA responsive gene expression was believed due to the inability of this RAR to interact with CBP via its shortened carboxyl terminus [ 5 ] . By the same token this mutant receptor did not affect RA inhibition of AP-1 activity, presumably due to its inability to compete for CBP [ 11 ] . We observed decreased AP-1 activity in transient transfections using the RAR403 mutant likely due to decreased EGFR expression.
PUFA feeding can influence PKC activity [ 86 ] and one mechanism of action may be via generation of unique diacylglycerol molecular species [ 87 ] .
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