Words similar to vertebrates
Example sentences for: vertebrates
How can you use “vertebrates” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Although many other aspects of animal phylogeny remain unresolved, our results indicate that insects (arthropods) are genetically and evolutionarily closer to humans (vertebrates) than to nematodes.
Although complementary sites for both miRNAs are found in the 3' UTRs of several putative nematode targets, these miRNAs are not physically linked in the C. elegans genome and their mutant phenotypes are principally due to misregulation of different transcripts [ 4 5 6 8 ] . The function of these miRNAs has not yet been explicitly demonstrated in other species, but Drosophila let-7 is regulated at the larval-pupal transition by ecdysone [ 49 ] , and all three members of this cluster are present in other insects and in vertebrates, thus implying broadly conserved functions.
Epidemiologically, HLA genotype partially accounts for inter-patient variation in disease severity or progression rates for such long-term viral infections as HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1), and hepatitis B and C [ 5 6 7 8 9 ] . Such associations can lead to mechanistic studies to test hypotheses about the immunologic basis of these associations [ 10 11 ] and could, in principle, be used to help predict individual prognoses [ 12 13 ] . At least one clinical study has shown that HLA genotype affects the immune response to a candidate HIV vaccine [ 14 ] . Vaccine designers have begun to take account of the HLA genotypes of potential recipients in choosing antigens for inclusion in a vaccine [ 15 ] , and it has been suggested that HLA genotype be considered in designing samples for inclusion in epidemiologic studies of anti-HIV immune response [ 12 ] . In evolutionary biology, the possibility that HLA heterozygotes are more resistant to infectious diseases is the basis for a leading hypothesis to explain the unparalleled diversity of HLA genes (and MHC genes in other vertebrates) and the maintenance of this diversity over long periods of evolutionary time [ 16 ] .
This extraordinary degree of cellular plasticity distinguishes those vertebrates that can replace entire anatomical structures, such as limbs, from vertebrates with more limited regenerative abilities.
The experimental systems range from the unicellular protozoa to complex vertebrates, such as salamanders and mice.
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