Words similar to vertebrates
Example sentences for: vertebrates
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3); the main observations derived from each method are summarized in Table 1. The consensus of phylogenetic approaches strongly indicates the monophyly of the deuterostome Runx genes in the collection, with the expected relationships (echinoderms(urochordates(vertebrates))).
Circadian clocks located within metazoan brains have been a focus of investigation for decades [ 1 2 3 4 ] . Such clocks are compelling in part because they influence timing across many levels of analysis; they are driven by molecular elements whose concerted output, in the form of neuronal signaling, controls physiology and behavior [ 5 ] . Recently, the presence of circadian clocks in peripheral tissues has been established in the fruitfly as well as in lower vertebrates and mammals [ 6 7 8 9 ] . For example, in
In vertebrates, the SWIRM domain is found fused along with a Myb (SANT) domain to a JAB1/PAD1 domain [ 48, 49] (for example, in the human protein KIAA1915, Figure 2).
We found no evidence (as would be indicated by cDNA clones or ESTs) in the database for alternative promoter usage among any of the invertebrate Runx genes examined, suggesting that alternative promoters may have evolved in the chordate lineage leading to vertebrates, subsequent to its divergence from urochordates.
Runx1 orthologues contain 3. CiRunt contains 5 exons downstream of the Runt domain, while CeRun contains 4. In vertebrates at least, the multiplicity of downstream exons is reflected in a large variety of alternatively spliced transcripts that give rise to multiple protein isoforms that differ in the C-terminal sequences appended to the Runt domain [ 12 13 ] . It is important to note that the C-terminal exon of all Runx genes identified to date encodes the amino acid sequence VWRPY (or the functionally equivalent IWRPF in the case of C. elegans ), which acts as a recruitment motif for the co-repressor Groucho/TLE [ 3 ] . This motif is at the C-terminus within the 3'-most exon of all of the genes, possibly with the exception of CiRunt (where the open reading frame apparently continues beyond the VWRPY in the genome sequence), and was used in our analysis to identify the C-terminal exons of previously uncharacterised Runx genes.
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