Words similar to vaccines
Example sentences for: vaccines
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Finally, we propose that the positively selected viral variants (as opposed to all viral variants) should be included in future, highly multivalent vaccines designed to compensate for B-cell-selected antigenic drift.
Multiple antigen peptide vaccines can also be designed to contain T and B epitope regions from numerous protein antigens derived from a complex infectious agent which could therefore confer broad protection without the potential dangers of an attenuated whole organism vaccine [ 16 ] . However, it is of note that occasionally a well-designed peptide-based vaccine can elicit strong antibody responses to the synthetic immunogen that do not confer protection from the parasite to which they were originally designed [ 23 ] . This may be due to either the induction of an inappropriate antibody isotype in the mouse strain used, or to an inadequate overall response.
A malaria vaccine called ME-TRAP, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of the disease, was not effective at reducing natural infection rates in semi-immune African adults, according to the report of a randomized controlled trial published this month in PLoS Medicine . “This first field efficacy trial was an important milestone in the progression of new recombinant vectored vaccines to deployable products,” says Adrian Hill (University of Oxford, United Kingdom), the lead investigator of the study.
This is especially relevant to the design of subunit vaccines for malaria and schistosomiasis where high titers of high affinity antibodies are usually the best defence against invading organisms [ 11 16 24 ] . Creating T cell epitopes in expressed proteins has been demonstrated here for Hartley strain guinea pigs, and for various inbred strains of mice [ 37 38 ] . Interestingly, the introduction of T cell epitopes from a hen-egg lysozyme or ovalbumin into mouse TNF-alpha also resulted in an increased cross-reactive antibody response in mice [ 38 ] . However, the protein construct was no longer cytotoxic for L929 cells, suggesting that the modified protein was not in the correct tertiary configuration.
In conclusion, the repeated low-dose challenge approach may enable us to assess the potential efficacy of vaccines and prophylactic treatment strategies more realistically, and more sensitively than the standard high-dose challenge approach.
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