Words similar to thickening
Example sentences for: thickening
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Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective-tissue disease characterized by progressive thickening of the dermis, often accompanied by insufficiency of internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, or kidneys [ 1].
The number of swollen joints was determined by evaluating for the presence of effusion and/or synovial thickening in 66 peripheral joints (hips were excluded).
The normal intima of the synovium is one to two cells thick and consists mainly of macrophage-like and fibroblast-like cells [ 3 ] . In inflammation, macrophages make a large contribution to intimal thickening, where these cells increase in number and proportion [ 3 ] . Evidence indicates that intimal macrophages arrive via the circulation as monocytes [ 4 ] , and it is proposed that increased numbers of intimal macrophages in RA are largely attributed to enhanced monocyte recruitment from blood vessels in the synovium [ 1 5 ] . Neutrophils are also recruited in RA and can be found in abundance in synovial fluid, yet they occur in relatively low numbers in the synovium [ 5 ] . In synovial fluid their number can reach 10 6per joint, particularly during an active phase of the disease [ 6 ] . Neutrophils occur at the pannus-cartilage junction [ 7 ] and it is presumed that these cells reach the joint cavity by migrating from the blood vessels in the synovium, following a chemotactic gradient.
Aging has been associated with decreased function and exercise performance [ 1 2 ] . Decreased exercise performance has been related to decreased oxidative capacity [ 3 4 ] and decreased muscle mass [ 4 ] . Vascular alterations in structure and function due to aging could also contribute to decreased exercise performance through impaired blood flow [ 5 ] . Decreased capillary density [ 6 ] and a thickening of vascular walls [ 7 ] are present with aging.
These inflamed regions displayed intimal layer thickening and some infiltration of mononuclear cells, although not as severe as in RA samples, and noninflamed sites showed a normal intimal layer and no leukocyte infiltrates.
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