Words similar to synapse
Example sentences for: synapse
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Deletion of the 13q region is associated with human 13q syndrome, a developmental disorder [ 24 ] . Some of the proteoglycans play important functional roles in neurogenesis, axon guidance, synapse development [ 25 ] , and cellular growth and differentiation [ 26 27 23 ] . Mutations in GPC3 cause Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome [ 28 29 ] , however, no mutations were detected in the GPC5 and GPC6 genes [ 30 ] . The glypican1 gene has been suggested to be a good candidate for brachydactyly type E [ 31 ] . Given that, GPC5 is highly expressed in brain and mutations in other genes of the glypican families are associated with developmental disorder; GPC5 could be a potential candidate gene for Bipolar disorder.
Recent reports suggest an active role played by the T cell cytoskeleton in maintaining spatially defined molecular clusters found within the immunological synapse - a highly structured molecular array defined by contact regions between T cells and antigen presenting cells [ 4 5 6 7 ] , and reviewed in [ 8 9 ] or NK cells and target cells [ 10 ] . Although the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in all these processes, perhaps its greatest role is in regulating T lymphocyte motility and morphology.
Significantly, among the five subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors (MAChRs), Ml and M3 receptors have been shown to efficiently activate PLD (and PKC) in various cell types [ 26 27 28 29 30 ] , whereas activation of PLD by M2 and M4 receptors is less robust [ 26 ] . These observations suggest that in a cholinergic synapse, ACh released into the synaptic cleft might stimulate PLD activity leading to a release of choline that could be used for ACh synthesis.
The parasympathetic innervation arises from preganglionic neurons located in the distal lumbar and proximal sacral spinal cord (segments L6 and S1 in the rat [ 6 7 ] ) and whose axons are found in the pelvic nerve and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus.
PKC has been suggested to play a role in synapse stability and signal transduction at the NMJ [ 24 ] . When calcium influx through the nAChR occurs, acetylcholine appears to activate PKC phosphorylation of this receptor [reviewed by [ 31 ] ]. Phorbol ester activation of PKC causes loss of synapses and nAChR [ 49 ] . Because the presynaptic PKCβ fluorescence band parallels the nAChR band (see fig.
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