Words similar to synapse
Example sentences for: synapse
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This putative association is strengthened by finding for the first time that targeting of RIα requires the AKAP binding surface [ 17 ] . Yotiao is another AKAP enriched at the NMJ, but appears to bind only RII [ 30 ] . PKA phosphorylates the nAChR when stimulated at the synapse by the neuropeptide CGRP and by adenosine from muscle responding to acetylcholine [reviewed by [ 31 ] ]. This phosphorylation may regulate the degradation of the nAChR [ 32 ] . Consistent with the action at the presynapse, it was shown that PKA facilitation of acetylcholine release is dependent on nerve endplate calcium concentration [ 33 ] . Based on our observation of colocalization with synaptophysin at presynaptic vesicles, RIα may be the isotype that influences this release of neurotransmitter.
[ 5 ] . BDNF transiently stabilizes silent NM synapses during the period of transition from polyneuronal to mononeuronal innervation of skeletal muscle fibers [ 6 ] . BDNF and CNTF cooperatively affect efficiency of embryonic xenopus neuromuscular synapses in culture [ 7 8 ] . BDNF stimulates transmitter release from neuromuscular synapses [ 9 ] and enhances the efficiency of transmission at the neuromuscular synapse [ 10 ] . BDNF, together with NT-3, can restore neuregulin levels and a normal distribution of AchR at the neuromuscular junction blocked with curare [ 11 ] . BDNF, in conjunction with fibronectin, increases spontaneous synaptic currents in the cultured embryonic xenopus neuromuscular junction [ 12 ] . BDNF down-regulates AchR clustering, most likely by binding to TrkB expressed in myocytes [ 13 ] . BDNF downregulates agrin levels in muscle but increases neuregulin in ventral horn spinal motor neurons at the time when they form neuromuscular synapses [ 14 ] .
Deletion of the 13q region is associated with human 13q syndrome, a developmental disorder [ 24 ] . Some of the proteoglycans play important functional roles in neurogenesis, axon guidance, synapse development [ 25 ] , and cellular growth and differentiation [ 26 27 23 ] . Mutations in GPC3 cause Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome [ 28 29 ] , however, no mutations were detected in the GPC5 and GPC6 genes [ 30 ] . The glypican1 gene has been suggested to be a good candidate for brachydactyly type E [ 31 ] . Given that, GPC5 is highly expressed in brain and mutations in other genes of the glypican families are associated with developmental disorder; GPC5 could be a potential candidate gene for Bipolar disorder.
The parasympathetic innervation arises from preganglionic neurons located in the distal lumbar and proximal sacral spinal cord (segments L6 and S1 in the rat [ 6 7 ] ) and whose axons are found in the pelvic nerve and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus.
Recent reports suggest an active role played by the T cell cytoskeleton in maintaining spatially defined molecular clusters found within the immunological synapse - a highly structured molecular array defined by contact regions between T cells and antigen presenting cells [ 4 5 6 7 ] , and reviewed in [ 8 9 ] or NK cells and target cells [ 10 ] . Although the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in all these processes, perhaps its greatest role is in regulating T lymphocyte motility and morphology.
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