Words similar to surrogate
Example sentences for: surrogate
How can you use “surrogate” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Previous investigators have used the occurrence of diabetes in patients younger than age 40 as a surrogate for type I diabetes.
Also, certain regulatory proteins may not be suitable for study in a surrogate host bacterium [ 18 ] . For proteins that require the presence of additional factors, such as σ N, or interaction with host proteins to be active, such as σ Ewith RNA polymerase, use of the native bacterium or closely related surrogate host may be required to ensure the presence of the necessary interacting proteins [ 19 ] . Some of these additional factors, however, may only be expressed or active under a particular growth condition and therefore may also need to be conditionally expressed along with the transcription factor.
However, neither of these proteins has been reported to act as a surrogate scaffold during ERK activation by non-opioid GPCRs [ 27 ] . In the present report, DSLET-mediated ERK phosphorylation was unaltered by the presence of the IR or PDGFR antagonists, HNMPA-(AM) 3 and tyrosphostin 9, respectively.
, distribution, disease indication, etc.) and criterion 3 relates to the biological activity of the surrogate and its ability to cause a phenotypic change in the appropriate test system (phenotyping).
Nevertheless, the results described here demonstrate that human blood samples can serve as surrogate specimens for biomarker investigations in cancer patients and imply that large-scale gene expression analysis may be a useful approach for characterization of drug activity from clinical trial samples.
Loading...