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Example sentences for: subtypes
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Distinct nAChR subtypes exist that can be stimulated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the natural product nicotine, or by synthetic compounds [ 1 ] . nAChR is the prototype for a protein superfamily that includes the receptors for the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, the inhibitory amino-acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, as well as the serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor [ 1 ] . Like most ligand-gated ion channels, nAChRs are homo- or hetero-pentameric, each monomer belonging to a pull of 8 alpha- or 3 beta-subunits (alpha 2-9 , beta 2-4 ). While each subunit has four transmembrane domains, the agonist binding sites are located at the subunit interfaces [ 2 ] . Both natural and synthetic ligands can display varied affinity for different receptor subtypes.
Sequence homology between the serotonin type 3 receptor (5-HT 3 R), the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), the GABA A receptor and the glycine receptor suggests a large amount of structural similarity within this superfamily of ligand gated ion channels [ 1 2 3 ] . This presumed structural homology can be used to guide site directed mutagenesis studies of particular receptor subtypes.
Moreover, in instances where gene-expression profiling reveals previously unrecognized cancer subtypes, CGMA could determine whether cytogenetic differences are responsible for these different subtypes.
IL-4 is a potent mediator in shifting the balance of Th1/Th2 cells and skewing the production of antibody subtypes [ 28].
All three alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes from nearly all species that have been tested undergo agonist-induced down-regulation [ 24 25 ] . Interestingly, we have shown that the potency of norepinephrine to produce down-regulation differs among alpha-2 receptor subtypes [ 19 24 ] . The concentration of norepinephrine required to produce half-maximal down-regulation is approximately 2 μM for the alpha-2A receptor.
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