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Example sentences for: ste
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One well accepted hypothesis is that scaffolding proteins such as Ste5p and Pbs2p tether the MAPK module to the appropriate input and output components [ 31 ] . The recent identification of numerous Ste5p analogs in yeast and mammals makes this hypothesis even more intriguing [ 26 ] . Beyond scaffolding proteins, higher-order protein complexes have been hypothesized to play a role in maintaining signal specificity [ 32 ] . Our computational results suggest that this may indeed be the case.
NetSearch detects 354 paths of length eight from Ste3p to Ste12p, and incorporates 70 different proteins into those paths.
It includes Far1p, a protein necessary for pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest in G1 [ 11 ] , Mpt5p, a protein necessary for recovery from cell cycle arrest [ 12 ] , and Bem1p and Sph1, both of which are necessary for establishment of cell polarity during shmooing and budding [ 13 14 ] . In our protein-interaction map there is no direct interaction between a pheromone receptor (Ste2p or Ste3p) and any component of the heterotrimeric G protein complex (Ste4p/Ste18p/Gpa1p), so NetSearch drew indirect paths through Akr1p, a known inhibitor of signaling in the pheromone pathway [ 15 ] . The predicted network does not include the GTPase Cdc42p (paths were instead drawn preferentially through its cofactor Cdc24p, which physically interacts with Ste4p) or Ste20p, because of missing interactions in the protein-interaction map.
For example, products of Ste18, Ste4, Cdc42, Cdc24, Far1, Bem1, Ste20, Ste5, and other proteins are thought to constitute a complex that has numerous interactions among components, and that mediates many different cellular processes [ 14 28 ] . The complex may coordinate mating pheromone detection with (1) cell cycle arrest via Far1p, (2) MAPK signal transduction via Ste5p and Ste20p, and (3) cell polarity via Bem1p and Far1p (among others) [ 29 30 ] .
(This is distinct from the case of Fus1p, which may be misplaced in the filamentation pathway, but whose interactions with Act1p and Ste7p are real.)
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