Words similar to std
Example sentences for: std
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CAP in micronized form and formulated into a cream, is a broad spectrum microbicide inactivating several sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens [ 2 3 4 ] , including HIV-1 [ 2 5 ] . It was of interest to explore the mechanism(s) whereby CAP causes inactivation of HIV-1.
As of February 2005, the National Center for AIDS and STD Control in Nepal reported that there were 4,755 HIV-positive people and 856 confirmed cases of AIDS in Nepal [7].
Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) is a promising microbicide candidate for prevention of infection by sexually transmitted disease (STD) pathogens, including HIV-1 [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ] . CAP inactivates HIV-1 and blocks the coreceptor binding site on the virus envelope glycoprotein gp120, while leaving the site for the primary cellular receptor CD4 accessible [ 8 9 ] Soluble CD4 (sCD4) was shown to inhibit HIV-1 infection by two mechanisms: reversible blockage of virus binding to receptors, and irreversible inactivation of virus infectivity [ 10 ] . Since CAP and sCD4 bind to distinct domains on the HIV-1 envelope, it was of interest to determine whether or not these two ligands affect virus infectivity synergistically as do other combinations of anti-HIV-1 drugs and sCD4 [ 11 12 ] Binding of sCD4 leads to conformational changes in gp120 [ 13 14 15 16 17 ] . Binding of gp120 to coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5, respectively, triggers additional conformational changes in HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins [ 18 19 ] For these reasons it was of interest to determine whether a) pretreatment of HIV-1 with sCD4 would affect subsequent binding of CAP to virus particles, and b) CAP binding to virus particles in the presence or absence of sCD4 would elicit conformational changes which could affect HIV-1 infectivity.
The direct virus inactivating effect of CAP, the multiple mechanisms involved in prevention of HIV-1 infection, the broad spectrum activity against several STD pathogens, the established safety record, low cost and availability in large scale suggest that CAP has advantages over other polymeric substances considered as topical (vaginal) microbicides for prevention of STDs, including AIDS.
The Social Health Association provides, through its own teachers, age-appropriate, abstinence based, in-school programming in three different areas: human growth and development; AIDS/STD education; and life skills (conflict resolution, peer pressure, decision-making).
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