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Example sentences for: sn
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Finally, it should be noted that a recent study using cell lines raised the possibility that SN50's action is not specific to NF-κB [ 61 62 ] . SN50 is composed of the NLS for NF-κB p50 and was believed to specifically block NF-κB p50/p65 nuclear translocation by binding the NLS receptor complex and preventing transport through the nuclear pore [ 33 34 35 ] . However, Torgerson and coworkers [ 61 ] have shown that SN50 treatment inhibited nuclear transport of transcription factors NFAT, AP-1, STAT1, and NF-κB at a high dose of 210 μg/ml in Junkrat cells.
Our previous results in cholinergic human neuroblastoma LA-N-2 cells indicated that the choline moiety from PC breakdown was released directly into the cytoplasm [ 4 ] and a kinetic study using [ 3H]choline in BHK cells also showed that choline was initially released inside the cells by PMA-activated PLD and then rapidly appeared in the medium [ 32 ] . Consistent with the latter study, we also observed a rise in the medium choline levels in SN56 cells transfected with either PLD1 or PLD2 and treated with PMA.
9B), BMP1, BMP3b, BMP8a, Smad7, and GR best discriminate control from SN50-treated explants.
Treatment of a variety of cell types with phorbol esters activates PLD2 [ 6 12 18 19 ] . Thus we hypothesized that activation of PLD with PMA in SN56 cells would elevate intracellular concentrations of its product, choline, and result in increased ACh production.
Regarding the ERK1/2 pathway, we found a greater than 2-fold increase of activated ERK2 in SN50-treated glands (Fig.
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