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Example sentences for: sirnas
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In contrast to the ubiquitous DDRP, cellular RDRPs that are involved in PTGS so far have been detected only in eukaryotes [ 1 26 ] . The PTGS phenomenon covers a variety of complementarity-dependent silencing pathways, such as RNA interference (RNAi) in animals and slime mold, co-suppression (silencing of transgene and the corresponding endogenous genes) and virus gene resistance in plants, and quelling in fungi, all of which share a common mechanism of RNA turnover [ 28 37 38 39 40 ] . Essentially, double-stranded (ds) RNA, which is formed in these processes, triggers the activation of a sequence-specific RNA degradation system, which targets homologous RNAs [ 41 42 ] . The dsRNA is broken down by the Dicer enzyme into 21-25 nucleotide (nt) fragments called small interfering RNA or siRNAs [ 43 44 45 ] . The siRNAs subsequently associate with a complex of proteins called RISC and target homologous RNA by serving as guides for multiple rounds of RNA cleavage [ 45 46 ] .
The RDRP is a component of the PTGS system that has been initially described in plants as a cellular RNA polymerase activity induced upon viral infection that synthesized antisense RNA in a primer-dependent or independent manner [ 26 47 48 49 50 ] . Subsequent genetic studies showed that mutations in RDRP genes impaired PTGS in a variety of systems [ 25 38 51 52 ] . Experimental studies in C. elegans and in plants suggested that the RDRP is involved in production and amplification of dsRNA using the target RNA as template and siRNAs as primers or guides and resulting in amplification of the RNA silencing response [ 53 54 55 56 ] .
Interestingly, perfect or near-perfect target complementarity is associated with mRNA degradation [ 24 25 26 ] , similar to the effects of siRNA, whereas imperfect base-pairing is associated with regulation by translational inhibition [ 6 27 ] . Recently, siRNAs with imperfect match to target mRNA were observed to function as translational inhibitors [ 28 ] , suggesting that the type of 21-22 nucleotide RNA-mediated regulation may be largely determined by the quality of target complementarity.
systems demonstrated that 21–23 nucleotide ‘short interfering'RNAs (siRNAs), derived from cutting longer dsRNA, can guide mRNA cleavage (Zamore et al.
Similar to siRNAs, the natural small RNAs, dubbed microRNAs (miRNAs), arise from Dicer processing of dsRNA precursors and are incorporated into RISC (Denli and Hannon 2003).
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