Words similar to signaling
Example sentences for: signaling
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H441 cells resemble bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells in phenotype and produce both SP-A and SP-B mRNA and protein [ 14 ] . The hormonal regulation of SP-A and SP-B gene expression in H441 cells is similar to that observed in differentiated type II cells in human fetal lung explants [ 6 7 15 16 ] . We treated H441 cells with the four inhibitors of signal transduction: wortmannin, LY294002, rapamycin and PD98059, to elucidate which signaling pathways are activated when insulin inhibits SP-A gene expression.
Fas contains a single transmembrane domain and belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/nerve growth factor family [ 8 ] . FasL contains a single transmembrane domain and is also a member of the same TNF family [ 9 ] . A soluble form of FasL has been described, but appears to be less capable of inducing apoptosis, when compared with the bound form [ 10 11 ] . The binding of FasL with Fas initiates receptor oligomerization, which recruits Fas-associated death domain (FADD) [ 12 ] . FADD binds procaspase-8 and permits activation of caspase-8 through self-cleavage [ 13 ] . Caspase-8 activates the effector caspases, which commits the cell to the orderly process of apoptosis [ 14 15 ] . In addition, caspase-8 cleaves Bcl-2-interactive-death-agonist (Bid) [ 16 ] . Truncated Bid localizes to the mitochondria and promotes cytochrome c release; this process also serves as a major apoptotic-signaling pathway for Fas [ 16 17 18 ] . Depending upon the amount of caspase-8 that is activated, the predominant pathway can be either Bid cleavage with subsequent mitochondrial release of cytochrome c or activation of the effector caspase pathway [ 18 ] . Resident cells of the kidney express both Fas and FasL and Fas/FasL signaling is functional in these cells [ 19 20 21 22 23 24 ] . A recent review by Ortiz and associates [ 25 ] noted that the combined literature demonstrating participation of Fas/FasL pathway in renal injury essentially fulfilled Koch's postulates.
However, a short conserved cytoplasmic motif in the carboxylterminal region of Fzs, including DFz2, was reported to be important for the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mammalian cells, based on mutational analysis [ 20 ] .
This protein acts as inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (the "cell cycle engine" [ 50 ] ), and its elevated expression has been consistently demonstrated in different cell types after the disruption of cell-matrix interactions (compare Figure 1and [ 31 32 51 52 ] ). Furthermore, p27 Kip1is an established target of PTEN signaling, i.e., its activity has been found increased after the forced expression of exogenous PTEN [ 53 54 55 56 ] . In combination with the data presented in this manuscript, it therefore appears that PTEN contributes to anchorage-dependent growth control by a two-fold approach: the dephosphorylation of the signaling molecule FAK in combination with the stimulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 Kip1.
Future testing will examine the tumorigenic effects caused by other kinds of genetic damage in the signaling pathways affected by Pten.
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