Words similar to signal-regulated
Example sentences for: signal-regulated
How can you use “signal-regulated” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
However, the signal transduction pathway, MAPK, has been shown to control and be upstream of DNA-replication, transcription, and cell cycle pathways [ 52 53 54 ] . The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) 1 and 2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2, which have been implicated in diverse cellular processes including proliferation, transformation, and cell differentiation [ 53 ] . The MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway has emerged as a crucial route between membrane-bound Ras and the nucleus.
Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-1/2 (p44/p42), in cytokine regulation has been demonstrated in HBEs exposed to diesel exhaust particles [ 7 ] but not to cigarette smoke.
It has been postulated that activation of these kinases allows GPCR agonists to modulate such diverse molecular events as cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival [ 1 ] . To date, all three cloned opioid receptor types (μ,δ, κ) and the closely related nociceptin receptor have demonstrated the ability to signal through their heterotrimeric G proteins (G i or G o ) to at least one type of MAPK [ 2 3 4 ] . Among the members of this family that are activated by opioids, are the two extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (p44 MAPK(ERK 1) and p42 MAPK(ERK 2)) [ 5 ] and the p38 protein kinase [ 3 ] . However, the precise mechanism by which OR stimulation produces an increase in MAPK activity is still unknown and under investigation.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family consists of three commonly recognized subgroups: the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), the c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), also known as the stress activated protein kinase (SAPK) and the p38 kinase.
BSA = Bovine serum albumin; CSC = cigarette smoke condensate; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HBE = human bronchial epithelial cell; IL = interleukin; IκB = inhibitor of NFκB; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK-1 = MAPK kinase; NFκB = nuclear factor-kappa B; NHBE = normal human bronchial epithelial cell; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; PDTC = pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; sICAM = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; TUNEL = deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
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