Words similar to signal-regulated
Example sentences for: signal-regulated
How can you use “signal-regulated” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
BSA = Bovine serum albumin; CSC = cigarette smoke condensate; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HBE = human bronchial epithelial cell; IL = interleukin; IκB = inhibitor of NFκB; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK-1 = MAPK kinase; NFκB = nuclear factor-kappa B; NHBE = normal human bronchial epithelial cell; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; PDTC = pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; sICAM = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; TUNEL = deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
In addition, the TCFs have been found to be targets for all three families of MAPKs: the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), the jun-N-terminal kinases/stress activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPK), and the p38 kinase [ 17, 18].
TGF-β family proteins, including β1,β2 and β3, induce TNF-resistance and suppress the PH-20 effect of increasing TNF cytotoxicity in murine L929 fibroblasts [ 8 11 ] . TGF-β1 induces a novel extracellular matrix protein that prevents TNF-mediated cell death and blocks the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; also known as p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p42/44 MAPK) in L929 cells [ 8 12 ] . Additionally, TGF-β1 induces the expression of TIAF1 (TGF-β-induced antiapoptotic factor) [ 13 ] and TIF2 (TGF-β-induced factor 2) [ 14 ] that inhibit TNF cytotoxicity.
Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-1/2 (p44/p42), in cytokine regulation has been demonstrated in HBEs exposed to diesel exhaust particles [ 7 ] but not to cigarette smoke.
It has been postulated that activation of these kinases allows GPCR agonists to modulate such diverse molecular events as cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival [ 1 ] . To date, all three cloned opioid receptor types (μ,δ, κ) and the closely related nociceptin receptor have demonstrated the ability to signal through their heterotrimeric G proteins (G i or G o ) to at least one type of MAPK [ 2 3 4 ] . Among the members of this family that are activated by opioids, are the two extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (p44 MAPK(ERK 1) and p42 MAPK(ERK 2)) [ 5 ] and the p38 protein kinase [ 3 ] . However, the precise mechanism by which OR stimulation produces an increase in MAPK activity is still unknown and under investigation.
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