Words similar to ser
Example sentences for: ser
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The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family including ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, has emerged as a central player in ovary physiology and female fertility [ 1 ] . The BMPs represent a large subclass of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) surperfamily of ligands whose biological responses are mediated by Ser/Thr kinase receptors via the Smad-signaling molecules [ 2 ] . The mRNAs encoding several BMP family members have been identified in the murine ovary, including the ligands, BMP-2 [ 3 ] , BMP-3 [ 3 ] , BMP-3b [ 3 ] , BMP-4 [ 4 ] , BMP-6 [ 5 ] , BMP-7 [ 4 ] , BMP-15 [ 6 7 8 ] , the BMP receptors, BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II [ 4 ] and the BMP binding protein, follistatin (FS) [ 9 ] . In the murine, BMP-4 and -7 mRNA have been identified in the theca interstitial cells [ 4 ] , BMP-6 and -15 in oocytes [ 5 6 7 8 ] , BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II in oocytes and granulosa cells (GCs) [ 4 ] , and FS in granulosa and lutein cells [ 9 10 ] .
Agonist 1 and 2 both have a carboxylate group which superimposes with the carboxylate of all-trans RA, and makes stabilizing hydrogen bonds with Arg 274 and 278, and the backbone nitrogen of Ser 289 (Fig.
Efforts to solve the crystal structure of one of the metallo-β-lactamases with a bound substrate molecule have failed, most likely due to the high activity of the enzymes towards all β-lactam containing antibiotics [ 37 54 ] . Therefore, computational studies have been used extensively to study substrate binding, the role of the Zn(II) ions in catalysis, the protonation state of the active site, and inhibitor binding [ 37 42 55 56 57 58 59 ] . All of the substrate binding models have made assumptions before the substrate was docked into the active site [ 37 42 ] , and some of these assumptions have been shown to be invalid for certain substrates [ 43 ] . With L1, two key assumptions were made: (1) the bridging hydroxide functions as the nucleophile during catalysis and (2) Zn 1 coordinates the β-lactam carbonyl [ 37 ] . With these assumptions and after energy minimizations, Ser224 was predicted to hydrogen bond to the substrate carboxylate [ 37 ] , reminiscent of the role predicted for Lys224 in CcrA [ 42 ] . Ullah et al.
The following results of this study suggest that HIV-1 expression leads to cyclin D 1 -mediated G 1 → S progression in infected podocytes: cyclin D 1 transcript and protein levels are markedly up-regulated, phospho-Rb (Ser780) levels are increased, cyclin D 1 protein and phospho-Rb (Ser780) levels do not decrease with podocyte cell-cell contact and differentiation, and the up-regulation of cyclin D 1 requires the expression of HIV-1 genes, particularly HIV-1 nef.
Phosphorylation of cPLA 2 on Ser 505has been hypothesized to play a role in Ca 2+-mediated translocation since Ser 505phosphorylation is required for cPLA 2 -mediated AA release in response to low-dose, but not high-dose, ionophore [ 22 ] . Translocation of cPLA 2 S505A in CHO cells has been reported in response to ionophore stimulation [ 25 ] , but the effect of Ser 505phosphorylation on the kinetics of translocation, targeting, and in response to a physiological agonist was not investigated.
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