Words similar to saturating
Example sentences for: saturating
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For example, Herschlag and co-workers have previously shown that a nucleobase could complement an abasic site within the hammerhead ribozyme, restoring cleavage activity [ 1 ] . Similarly, Porta and Lizardi engineered a hammerhead ribozyme that assumed an inactive secondary structure; upon the addition of an oligonucleotide that disrupted the engineered secondary structure, the ribozyme was activated [ 2 ] . More recently, it has previously been shown that many selected nucleic acid binding species (aptamers) undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding [ 3 4 5 6 ] In addition, when aptamers are conjoined to ribozymes, the ligand-induced conformational changes in the aptamers frequently modulate the structures and hence the activities of the ribozymes [ 7 8 9 ] For example, binding of theophylline to the anti-theophylline aptamer [ 10 ] modulates the conformation of residue [ 11 12 ] and the overall stability of the aptamer [ 10 13 ] . Appending the anti-theophylline aptamer to the hammerhead ribozyme allowed cleavage activity to be modulated by 110-fold by theophylline [ 13 ] . Similarly, appending the anti-theophylline aptamer to a small ribozyme ligase (L1) generated an aptazyme that was activated 1,600-fold by saturating theophylline concentrations [ 14 ] .
Specific binding of [ 3H]granisetron was determined as the bound [ 3H]granisetron not displaced by a saturating concentration of a competing ligand.
Detached cells were washed twice with staining buffer (PBS containing 10% FCS, 0.1% sodium azide and 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and stained as described previously [ 49 ] . Briefly, cells were transferred into the wells of round-bottom 96-well plates, the plates were centrifuged at 200 g for 30 seconds, the supernatant removed by shaking, and the cell pellets resuspended in 50 μl of staining buffer containing saturating concentration of anti-MHCII-FITC.
While it is clear that cloning efforts in some organisms have been far from saturating, work in other organisms (mammals) suggests that efforts of this sort will give sharply diminishing returns.
Biochemical reconstitution studies using purified recombinant actin in vitro and studies in RSV-infected cells ( ex vivo ) demonstrated that actin functions as a viral transcription factor in both monomeric (G) and filamentous (F) forms, whereas the filamentous form appeared to be particularly important for viral morphogenesis [ 10 ] . Subsequent studies showed that at saturating actin concentration, profilin stimulated viral transcription even further, whereas profilin by itself had no transcriptional activity in the absence of actin [ 11 ] . These results suggested that the interaction of profilin with actin may be important for optimal activity of the RSV transcriptase.
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