Words similar to proviral
Example sentences for: proviral
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Cyclin D 1 is characterized as the major D-type cyclin controlling G 1 -phase progression in kidney cells, both during normal and abnormal proliferation [ 22 23 ] . To determine whether cyclin D 1 may be active in promoting G 1 → S progression in kidneys expressing HIV-1 genes, we utilized a well-characterized HIV-1 transgenic mouse model (Tg26) of HIVAN [ 11 12 13 ] . Secondary to renal expression of the HIV-1 NL4-3 Δ gag-pol proviral transgene, adolescent Tg26 transgenics develop a progressive, proliferative renal disease marked by podocyte and tubular epithelial hyperplasia that is indistinguishable both clinically and histopathologically from human HIVAN.
ACH2 cell lines has a single copy of LAI strain proviral sequence.
pol -encoded protease to yield the active form of the enzyme [ 1 2 ] . This multifunctional enzyme is responsible for copying the single stranded viral RNA genome into double stranded proviral DNA [ 3 4 ] . HIV-1 RT is a heterodimer consisting of a 66 and 51 kDa polypeptide chain designated as p66 and p51, respectively.
In particular, APOBEC3G targets the reverse transcription step of the HIV life cycle, in which the viral genomic RNA is converted into proviral DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome (Mangeat et al.
[ 11 12 13 14 ] . Kidney transplants between normal and transgenic Tg26 siblings suggested that specific HIV-1 proteins within the kidney, and not circulating factors, transform infected renal epithelium [ 13 ] . Indeed, HIV-1 transgenic mice generated with an HIV-1 proviral construct mutated in the Nef "PXXP" SH3-binding motif for Src-family kinases failed to develop nephropathy [ 31 ] , and a recent in vitro analysis of podocytes infected with single gene mutants of HIV-1 further suggest that Nef plays a central role in causing the proliferative phenotype in HIVAN [ 8 ] . Utilizing these same single gene mutant viruses, we showed here that Nef appears to be play a role in the up-regulation of cyclin D 1 by HIV-1 in vitro . Importantly, these single gene mutants do not exclude the possibility that other HIV-1 gene(s) may cooperate with nef to induce cyclin D1, particularly
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