Words similar to proto-oncogenes
Example sentences for: proto-oncogenes
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One of the hallmarks of cancer includes the accumulation of mutations in key genes, namely DNA repair genes [ 4 ] , tumor suppressor genes [ 5 6 ] , and proto-oncogenes [ 5 6 ] , accompanied by the loss of the wildtype allele, resulting in loss of heterozygosity [LOH, see reviews by [ 7 8 9 ] ]. Pancreatic cancer, which results in the death of approximately 30,000 Americans annually and is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortalities in the United States, exhibits this hallmark [ 10 ] . For example, in pancreatic cancer there is a high incidence of mutations (>50%) in the tumor suppressor genes p16, p53 and DPC4 and approximately 90% of cases coincide with a mutation in the oncogene K- ras 2 [see review by [ 11 ] ]. Furthermore, a significant percentage of tumors harboring a mutated copy of DPC4 or p53 also lose the corresponding wildtype allele, resulting in LOH [see reviews by [ 11 12 ] ].
For example, the expression of a number of oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, and reduced or absence of expression of recessive oncogenes has been postulated to provide diagnostic and/or prognostic information in human cancers [e.g.
The molecular mechanisms leading to breast malignancies are unclear, but many genetic abnormalities and epigenetic factors have been implicated, including changes affecting known tumor suppressor genes ( p53 , BRCA1, BRCA2 , PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1) and proto-oncogenes (neu/ErbB2/HER2 , ErbB1/EGFR , PRAD-1/cyclin D1 , Mdm2 , and c-myc) [reviewed in ref.
The effects of PGs on cell proliferation and collagen production have been widely studied in different cell types [ 13 14 15 16 17 26 ] . TXA 2 has been studied extensively because of its apparent role in atherosclerosis, due to its prothrombotic and mitogenic activities on vascular smooth muscle cells [ 15 16 ] . These mitogenic effects are potentiated by growth factors [ 15 16 27 28 ] . In vascular smooth muscle cells TXA 2 stimulates synthesis of bFGF and increases the expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos , c-myc , and egr-1 , which are associated with entry into the cell growth cycle [ 15 ] . In addition, TXA 2 increases proliferation of fibroblasts [ 13 ] and smooth muscle-like glomerular mesangial cells [ 14 ] .
Regardless of whether viable CMV or UV-irradiated CMV is used, the virus still can attach to the host cell and cause the upregulation of cellular genes, including proto-oncogenes [ 55 57 58 59 ] . It was observed in this study that the UV-irradiated CMV had no effect on BZLF1 transcript expression, suggesting that the effect observed in the superinfected BJAB-B1 and P3HR-1 cells was not attachment mediated and infectious CMV is at least required.
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