Words similar to prophage
Example sentences for: prophage
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In the recBC sbcA strain, an sbcA mutation on the Rac prophage expresses recET genes, which promotes homologous recombination at a ds end [ 7 ] . The accumulation of the huge linears was seen with recA, recE, recT, recJ, recQ, recF, recO and recR strains (Figure 2C).
The Pal lineage of the NIpC-like orthologous group is restricted to the bacteriophages and their prophage remnants in Gram-positive bacteria.
Interestingly, phages have been shown to carry ORFs named 'morons' (because they add more DNA to the phage genome), which often have unknown functions, but are thought to occasionally confer benefit to the host when the prophage is integrated in its genome [ 22 ] . These genes undergo high mutation and nonhomologous recombination rates, and often display high A+T-content, even in comparison to the phage itself [ 22 23 ] . Most LTGs fit this description and may therefore have been introduced into the genome by phages.
Studies in Escherichia coli have shown that, although RecA is the principle protein involved in pairing and strand exchange, unrelated proteins, that have a much more restrictive phyletic distribution, can also promote similar reactions in a RecA dependent or RecA-independent manner [ 3 ] . These alternative or additional mediators of homologous recombination include the well-characterized prophage RecT, phage λ Redβ and phage P22 ERF proteins [ 4 5 ] . Similarly, in yeast and vertebrates, the RAD52 protein is involved in the pairing and strand exchange reaction and can promote recombination in a RAD51 (the eukaryotic RecA homolog)-dependent or independent manner [ 6 ] . The RecT protein works in conjunction with the RecE-nuclease [ 7 ] and was initially described in genetic studies on the complemention of mutations in the RecBCD pathway of DNA repair [ 8 9 10 ] . Biochemically, RecT has been shown to bind single-stranded (ss) DNA 3' overhang regions generated by the RecE nuclease, and promote strand exchange between homologous DNA partners by assisting the pairing of complementary single-stranded regions [ 4 10 ] . The reaction catalyzed by the RecT/RecE system is similar to that described for the phage λ exonuclease (exo/Redβ) and the single-strand annealing protein Redβ.
The recE gene product of the Rac prophage converts dsDNA ends into 3' protruding single-stranded form and the recT gene product promotes recombination by annealing them with a homologous DNA in its vicinity (for review, see [ 7 8 ] ). This recombination may result in one progeny DNA (non-conservative recombination) or two progeny DNAs (conservative double-strand break repair) [ 9 ] . In a recBC sbcBC background, a ds end stimulates homologous recombination that results in only one progeny DNA (non-conservative recombination) [ 10 ] . Analysis of the stimulation of recombination by replication (for review, see [ 11 ] ) and analysis of altered chromosomal replication (for review, see [ 12 ] ) led to the proposal that a chromosomal ds break formed during replication fork arrest triggers homologous recombination, which would reconstitute a replication fork (for review, see [ 5 ] ).
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