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Example sentences for: postulated
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Regular use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been consistently associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma [ 1 2 3 4 ] , and there is some evidence for a protective effect for other types of cancer [ 5 6 7 8 9 ] . It is widely thought that the mechanism by which these drugs affect cancer risk is through the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: the constitutively expressed COX-1 and the induced (in most tissues) COX-2 [ 10 ] . By inhibiting these enzymes, NSAIDs can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, enhance cellular immune response, or induce of apoptosis, all of which have been postulated to be involved in carcinogenesis [ 11 12 13 ] .
The pectate lyase gene (MI00592) was identified in G. rostochiensis and H. glycines [ 17 ] and the exo-polygalacturonase (MI00252) was identified in our M. incognita data [ 21 22 ] . Because of the obvious role of nematode genes that allow endogenous production of cell-wall degrading enzymes in attacking a plant host, it has been hypothesized that their acquisition by HGT may have been key steps in the evolution of plant-parasitic nematodes from ancestral free-living forms [ 3 ] . In that model, an intermediate, symbiotic association of a soil-dwelling (but free-living) nematode with a soil bacterium possessing these enzymes is postulated before the HGT event.
BMP4 has been implicated in ductal budding and branching during prostate development [ 24 ] and a potential role of BMP4 in external genital development has also been postulated [ 25 ] . DWnt2 has been found to have roles in sex-specific cell determination in the gonads and genital disc of Drosophila [ 26 ] . Thus, mutations in genes characteristically expressed in normal male foreskin fibroblasts can, in some cases, lead to defective genital development.
The C73 locus may preferentially target a postulated 'master' T-DNA, which in turn loses its ability to post-transcriptionally silence the 'subordinate' T-DNA within the E82 locus.
Similarly, the second most abundant component of cell walls (pectin) is the assumed target of nematode-encoded pectate lyase and exo-polygalacturonase, both functions also postulated to have been acquired by HGT.
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