Words similar to postmenopause
Example sentences for: postmenopause
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From the ovarian sex steroids, the role of diminishing estrogen levels is questionable, since the levator ani muscle fibers do not express estrogen receptor alpha [ 2 26 ] . It is not known if estrogen receptor beta is expressed, but levator ani muscle fibers show nuclear expression of progesterone and androgen receptors [ 26 ] . Altered ovarian function in the premenopause can be observed as early as age 43 years, and includes hyperestrogenism and hypergonadotropism, accompanied by decreased progesterone secretion [ 27 ] . During the transition from pre- to postmenopause both estrogen and androgen levels also decline [ 28 ] . These hormonal alterations may well be responsible for the increased gynecological morbidity that characterizes this period of life, including structural and molecular changes in levator ani muscle and increasing incidence of pelvic floor disorders.
This was characteristic for symptomatic women in advanced postmenopause, suggesting that hormonal changes accompanying postmenopause, such as diminution of ovarian sex steroid production, might contribute to the degenerative changes in the levator ani muscle.
The levels of the three CTX isoforms α L, β Land α Dwere 2.3-fold to 2.7-fold higher in the postmenopausal women (Table 1), in accordance with previous reports of CTX levels during the menopause [ 15 ] . As all forms were elevated to the same magnitude in postmenopause, the ratios between the newly synthesised α LCTX form and the older β Land α DCTX forms was not significantly different in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Pelvic floor disorders in perimenopausal patients are associated with the hypertrophy of muscle cells and moderate cytoplasmic p27 expression, while PFD during advanced postmenopause are associated with shrinking and fragmentation of muscle cells and cytoplasmic p27 overexpression.
Biopsy samples obtained from symptomatic women in advanced postmenopause showed diminution of size in some fibers accompanied by strong cytoplasmic p27 expression (Fig.
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