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Example sentences for: polymerases
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Closely spaced acidic residues that coordinate divalent cations are characteristic of the active sites of most nucleic acid polymerases, in spite of the fact that they belong to several unrelated structural folds [ 9 13 14 17 28 29 59 ] . Given that the DbDGD motif is the only set of closely spaced acidic residues shared by the RDRPs and the YRHs, it is likely to form part of the nucleotidyltransferase active site of these enzymes.
These studies did not address the mechanism underlying its down-regulation, but they revealed a down-regulation of the pol III TAF BRF and the pol I TAF I 48 and TAF I 95 proteins and diminished transcription by the corresponding polymerases in T-RA differentiated F9 cells.
The replicative polymerase of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is comprised of catalytic (Pol) and processivity subunits (UL42) [ 9 11 ] . HSV Pol is responsible, in concert with other viral proteins, for regulating the fidelity of DNA replication by selecting the correct nucleotides for incorporation and by proofreading or editing mispaired nucleotides [ 20 ] . The Pol subunit contains intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activity [ 14 15 16 ] and the N-terminal region of the polypeptide encoding this function is highly conserved in other polymerases, containing three segments referred to as Exo motifs [ 3 26 ] .
Analogous active sites, that coordinate two metal ions, are observed in domains with similar activities, such as the classical adenylyl/guanylyl cyclases, family B DNA polymerases, pol-β fold nucleotidyl transferases, and triphosphatases or phosphoesterases of the HD and DHH superfamilies [ 11 15 19 20 ] . Consistent with these observations, both CyaB and ThTPase have been shown to require Mg 2+ions for their nucleotide cyclase and phosphatase activities [ 16 17 ] .
The DPBB domains of the β and β' subunits interact to form the catalytic cleft of the RNA polymerases, with two conserved lysines in the β subunit protruding into the cleft and interacting with the substrate (Fig.
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