Words similar to phosphoproteins
Example sentences for: phosphoproteins
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All NFAT proteins except NFAT5 exist as phosphoproteins and are maintained in the cytoplasm of resting cells [ 2, 3, 11, 12].
The dephosphorylation of phosphoproteins is universally catalyzed by protein phosphatases that are classified into two major functional groups, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PP) although enzymes with various degrees of dual-specificity are also encountered [ 1 2 3 4 5 ] . The majority of Ser/Thr phosphatases belong to three classical groups, namely PP1, PP2A, and PP2B (calcineurin), and possess similar primary structures in their catalytic cores [ 2 3 6 ] . PP1, in particular, exhibits an extremely high degree of sequence conservation through evolution, and its orthologs and isoforms are found in all eukaryotic cells [ 6 7 ] . In various organisms, PP1 regulates such diverse cellular processes as cell cycle progression, protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, transcription, and neuronal signaling [ 3 7 ] , underscoring its profound importance in biology.
Objects in nuclei recognized by antibodies specific for phosphoprotein epitopes, cytoplasmic IFs, or both, have been reported in glial and neuronal cells, in situ and in vitro . The nuclear structures appear spherical or rod-like and may have a positional relationship with nuclear pores [ 1 2 3 4 ] . Morphologically, these structures appear similar to the nuclear "speckles" that are thought to be storage sites for RNA splicing factors [ 5 6 7 ] . However, while intermediate filament (IF) phosphoproteins could be components of nuclear speckles, they are immunologically distinct.
Like other steroid hormone receptors, GRs are phosphoproteins, and reversible phosphorylation of specific ser/thr residues on the GR or associated proteins has been implicated in the regulation of 1) hormone binding to the cytoplasmic GR-complex, 2) the translocation of the GR between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, 3) the binding of ligand activated GR to consensus GRE in the promoter regions of GR-responsive genes, and 4) the formation of an active transcriptional complex [ 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 28, 29, 30, 31].
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