Example sentences for: phosphatidylinositol

How can you use “phosphatidylinositol” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:

  • Insulin transduces its cellular signal in most cell types via two signaling pathways, i.e., the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway [ 8 ] . Insulin initially binds to the insulin receptor causing autophosphorylation of the β-subunit of the receptor [ 8 ] . The protein kinase domain of the β-subunit then phosphorylates tyrosine residues in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, or Shc, which then activates the p44/42 MAPK signaling cascade [ 8 ] . PD98059 is a cell permeable, non-competitive, reversible inhibitor of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), a protein kinase upstream of p44/42 MAPK [ 9 ] . Tyrosine phosphorylated IRS also activates the PI 3-kinase pathway [ 8 10 ] . There are at least three, well-characterized inhibitors of the PI 3-kinase pathway, i.e., wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin [ 11 12 13 ] . Wortmannin and LY294002 block the activation of PI 3-kinase itself [ 11 12 ] , while rapamycin prevents the phosphorylation of a downstream effector in the pathway, p70 S6 kinase [ 13 ] .

  • It should be noted that the fibroblast cells lines we used remain fully viable after detachment and transfer to suspension culture [ 31 43 ] . This is in contrast to most epithelial cells which undergo anoikis, i.e., apoptotic cell death after the disruption of cell-matrix interactions [ 45 ] . It is of interest that some anchorage-independent tumor cells, most of which are of epitheloid origin, become susceptible to anoikis after the introduction of exogenous PTEN [ 23 34 35 36 ] . These observations are in line with the established ability of PTEN to down-regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/PKB survival pathway [ 11 46 ] . The absence of anoikis in our two cell lines may reflect inherent cell type specific differences, i.e., the superior ability of fibroblasts to survive under suspension culture conditions.

  • ANOVA = analysis of variance; Erk= extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IC 50 = half-maximal inhibition; IRS = insulin receptor substrate; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK = MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; PI 3-kinase = phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RDS = respiratory distress syndrome; SD = standard deviation of the mean; SE = standard error of the mean; SP = surfactant protein; TPA = 12-

  • The samples were spotted along with pure phosphoinositol phosphate standards (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA) onto 1.2% potassium oxalate impregnated TLC plates [ 45 ] . The chromatogram was developed in chloroform: methanol: water: aqueous ammonia (90:70:17:3) [ 46 ] . The incorporation of [ 32P] into phosphatidylinositol was quantitated by phosphorimaging using a Fuji BAS1000 phosphorimager.

  • fwd encodes a 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI 4-kinase) that regulates actin organization and ring canal formation during germline cytokinesis [ 40].


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