Words similar to paramutation
Example sentences for: paramutation
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In the classical case of paramutation at the maize b1 locus, the imprint is relayed with 100% efficiency [ 24 ] . That is, a paramutated allele is turned into a paramutagenic allele.
These repeats are often part of the trans-silencer locus or paramutagenic locus or its target [ 10 14 15 16 17 ] . However, the repeat can sometimes be located at a considerable distance from the affected locus itself, as has recently been shown for the single-copy maize b1 gene [ 18 ] . Other than transcriptional gene silencing, paramutation is only weakly correlated with DNA methylation.
Paramutation has been studied extensively for four maize loci that encode transcriptional regulators of pigment biosynthesis [ 1 ] . Paramutation has also been investigated in the Arabidopsis PAI gene family, at the a1 and chalcone synthase (CHS) transgene loci in petunia, and in a number of other cases [ 2 3 4 ] . The Arabidopsis resistance gene BAL/CPR1 displays a related form of epigenetic instability [ 5 6 ] . Interactions resembling paramutation also occur among non-allelic transgene loci with DNA sequence homology.
Likewise, Arabidopsis PAI2 and PAI3 genes that have been trans-methylated by the PAI1/PAI4 locus do not transfer their methylation status to naive singlet genes [ 12 ] . In fact, there are few well-documented cases for the non-allelic relay of trans-silencing ability [ 11 24 ] . Does this amount to an operational difference between allelic (paramutation) and non-allelic (trans-silencing) interactions, or does it simply reflect a lack of data?
The methylation status of the maize r1 genes and Arabidopsis PAI genes is altered upon paramutation [ 12 19 ] , while that of maize b1 is not [ 1 ] , except, in the non-conventional way, in the distal paramutation-control region of b1 [ 18 ] . Conversely, extensive exposure of a wild-type Arabidopsis SUPERMAN allele to a heavily methylated and transcriptionally silenced epiallele did not reveal any trans-silencing [ 20 ] .
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