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Example sentences for: oocysts
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The results of the initial models are shown in Table 3. The magnitude of the adjusted odds ratio for potential exposure to Cryptosporidium oocysts via unboiled drinking water ranged from 1.58 to 2.62 for neighborhood controls and from 2.00 to 3.87 for all controls.
Since human infection with Cryptosporidium parvum was first documented in 1976 [ 1 ] , this protozoan parasite has been recognized worldwide as a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans [ 2 ] . In healthy, immunocompetent persons, C. parvum causes a self-limited diarrheal illness (cryptosporidiosis); however, in persons with severe immunosuppression, particularly those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who have developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the diarrhea can be prolonged, severe, and life-threatening [ 3 4 ] . Currently there are no effective chemotherapeutic agents against cryptosporidiosis [ 5 ] . Cryptosporidium oocysts are found in the feces of infected humans, livestock, and wild animals [ 6 ] . Humans acquire the infection through person-to-person or animal-to-person contact, ingestion of fecally-contaminated water or food, or contact with fecally-contaminated environmental surfaces [ 7 ] .
Cryptosporidium oocysts have an ubiquitous geographic distribution and can be detected in most surface drinking water sources [ 8 ] . The oocysts are resistant to environmental degradation [ 9 ] , survive chlorination water treatment, and are too small (4 to 6 microns) to be removed by conventional water filters [ 6 ] . Risk factors for acquiring cryptosporidiosis have been determined primarily in studies of community-wide outbreaks, and drinking water has been implicated as the source of these outbreaks [ 9 10 11 12 13 14 ] . Case-control studies in AIDS patients have also been conducted during outbreaks [ 12 15 ] , but levels of endemic risk in the United States remain uncertain, even though there is great concern for diarrheal disease associated with drinking water in this population [ 16 17 ] . Because defining the risk associated with drinking tap water is particularly important for counseling immunocompromised patients on reducing their risk of cryptosporidiosis, we conducted a case-control study among persons with AIDS in San Francisco to test the hypothesis that the pattern of tap water consumption is associated with the development of endemic cryptosporidiosis.
One theoretical explanation for this was offered by Casemore [ 56 ] who expressed the opinion that long-term, low-level exposures to oocysts in raw vegetables and in unpasteurized products may confer protection by boosting the immune system.
Because the incubation period between exposure to Cryptosporidium oocysts and symptoms is not well understood in persons with AIDS, it is possible that contact with fecal material which occurred long before the incident diagnosis might be the source of these infections.
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