Words similar to medulloblastoma
Example sentences for: medulloblastoma
How can you use “medulloblastoma” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
APC mutations have been identified in medulloblastoma cell lines and up to 4% of sporadic medulloblastomas [ 16 17 ] . Furthermore, point mutations or small deletions in β- catenin exon 3 have been identified in 5-10% of sporadic medulloblastomas and in supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) [ 17 18 19 ] . Finally, large deletions in AXIN were recently found in 12% of sporadic medulloblastomas [ 20 ] . In the absence of Wnt signaling β-catenin is sequestered in the cytoplasm, and nuclear translocation of β-catenin has been used to monitor activation of the Wnt pathway in a number of different tumor types.
Given the role that Hh signaling plays in promoting progenitor-cell proliferation, it is not surprising that misregulation of Hh signaling has been implicated in the biology of certain cancers, in particular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma.
The greatly increased incidence of medulloblastomas in patients inheriting mutations in the APC tumor suppressor gene suggests that activation of Wnt signaling could be sufficient in some cases to initiate medulloblastoma formation.
The genes most commonly altered in medulloblastoma are members of developmental signaling pathways.
Mutations in the Hedgehog pathway members PTCH , PTCH 2 , SUFU and Smo , have all been identified in sporadic medulloblastomas as well, with approximately 25% of cases containing mutations affecting these genes [ 5 6 7 8 9 ] . A murine medulloblastoma model was recently developed by disruption of the PTCH gene, with medulloblastoma-like tumors arising in 10-15% of heterozygotes by 9 months of age [ 10 11 ] . Breeding PTCH mice to p53 knockout animals markedly increased tumor incidence.
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