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Example sentences for: mapks
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During this transition, tightly-regulated post-translational phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events and proteasome-mediated proteolytic reactions regulate the activation and inactivation of signal transduction pathways that control chromatin condensation, nuclear membrane dissolution, microtubule nucleation, and formation of a haploid oocyte [ 8 9 10 ] . Several kinases that exert major roles during OM include maturation promoting factor (MPF) [ 9 11 ] , mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [ 12 13 ] , and the product of the c-mos protooncogene Mos kinase [ 14 15 ] . Also, during OM oocytes undergo two highly-regulated metaphase-anaphase transitions (MAT) in which homologous chromosomes are equally and randomly segregated to an oocyte and first polar body and a subsequent division in which equational division of sister chromatids results in a haploid oocyte and a second polar body.
Finally, activation of MAPKs has been shown to activate the singly spliced and unspliced (genomic) latent HIV-1 virus.
The finding that IL-1β expression and MAPK activation are concomitantly increased by CSC exposure and inhibited by PD98059 is consistent with the report that MAPKs activate expression of IL-1β genes [ 10 ] . Although the control of cytok-80% confluence on 12-well plates and transfected with the Mercury pathway profiling system vector, pNFκB-TA-Luc (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA), using lipofectamine (Gibco/BRL, Rockville, MD, USA) and used according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
A significant finding of this study is that MAPKs such as ERK1/2 (p44/p42) are consistently activated in NHBEs.
Cigarette smoke has been shown by others to induce a synthesis of glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine that was associated with transcription factor AP-1 or an AP-1-like response element [ 9 ] . Although MAPKs and NFκB have been implicated in the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, the role of these pathways in normal human pulmonary epithelial cells in response to CSC has not been investigated.
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