Words similar to mapk
Example sentences for: mapk
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A common intermediate pathway initiating from receptors to the nucleus is the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) cascade, which can result in the phosphorylation and activation of additional downstream kinases and transcription factors such as p90Rsk, CREB, Elk, and Egr-1 [ 55 56 ] . Therefore, it is intriguing that Tat expressing cells show down-regulation of MAPK components (Table 3, Figure 3Band 3C), essential mediators between receptors and nuclear transcription factors.
This was somewhat surprising, since MAPK pathways do not activate JunB [ 29] and in some systems JunB antagonizes transcriptional activation by c-Jun [ 30].
Together these results show that NF-κB activation is necessary and sufficient for resistin induction by LPS, with MAPK activation increasing the magnitude of the response.
Our finding that 24 h exposure to 4-AP decreased the number of viable GC in serum-free but not serum-supplemented primary cultures is consistent with the reported effects of 4-AP and other K +channel antagonists on other cell types [ 8 43 44 ] . It has been shown that the concentrations of K +channel antagonists required to inhibit growth of human bladder tumor cells can be 70 times higher in the presence than the absence of serum [ 43 ] . 4-AP has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human myelobastic leukemia cells by preventing growth factor activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [ 42 ] . This mechanism may be responsible for the anti-proliferative effect of 4-AP manifest in Table 1. It is likely that MAPK pathways are less robust in GC grown in defined serum-free vs. serum-supplemented media; however, validation of this hypothesis would require additional experiments beyond the scope of the present investigation.
Specifically, we show for the first time that both AGE and FFA PA induce PTEC apoptosis through CD36-mediated activation of src kinase, p38 MAPK, and caspase 3. Because high glucose stimulates CD36 expression in human PTECs and because CD36 expression is increased in apoptotic tubular epithelial cells in human DNP, we propose a two-step metabolic hit model relevant for TED, a hallmark of progression of human DNP.
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