Words similar to malformations
Example sentences for: malformations
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Wnt activation in the adult hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum did not result in tumors or other CNS malformations.
For example, the presence of neocortical malformations in certain strains of inbred mice are correlated with better performance on tasks of spatial reference memory [ 17 18 ] . On the other hand, induced microgyric animals show a variety of behavioral deficits that suggest disturbances to multiple brain systems [ 15 19 20 21 22 ] . Rapid auditory processing deficits have been found in males with induced microgyria using both an operant condition paradigm and a reflex modification paradigm [ 15 19 20 21 ] . In both paradigms, auditory processing deficits were found only on rapidly changing stimuli, and not when these same stimuli were delivered at slower rates.
Several genes expressed specifically in the normal male foreskin fibroblasts have been previously implicated in male genital development, including HOXA13 , the T-box genes, BMP4 and DWnt2 . Mutations in HOXA13 can cause distal limb and urogenital-tract malformations such as male hypospadias in hand-foot-genital syndrome [ 21 ] . T-box genes ( TBX ) are essential early regulators of limb development and also appear to be involved in male genital development [ 22 23 ] . Mutations in TBX3 cause the ulnar-mammary syndrome characterized by limb, apocrine, and genital developmental abnormalities [ 23 ] . Expression of T-box genes 2, 3, and 5 was significantly higher in normal male foreskin fibroblasts than in AIS genital fibroblasts.
Focal damage to the developing brain can have widespread consequences for structures and regions that project to or receive direct or even indirect projections from the damaged area [ 1 2 3 ] . Focal neocortical malformations induced by freeze injury to the developing cortical plate exemplify this fact.
Finally, mutation of a factor required to load cohesin—the protein complex responsible for chromosome cohesion—onto chromosomes appears to cause Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder that may include facial dysmorphia, upper-extremity malformations, hirsutism, cardiac defects, growth and cognitive retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders [3,4,5].
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