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Example sentences for: lamins
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Because of the association of phosphorylated lamins with DNA replication and the cell cycle [ 8 ] , and the sharing of phosphoepitopes among lamins, NFs, and GFAP, it seems most probable that the nuclear epitopes revealed in neuroblastoma and glioma cells by SMI-31 and RT-97 are contained on lamin B.
As specialized proteins of the intermediate filament protein family, lamin A/C is found at the inner nuclear membrane where it forms a scaffold that interacts with a network of membrane bound and nucleoplasmic proteins in addition to chromatin [ 3 4 5 ] . Mutations in the gene encoding the nuclear membrane protein emerin produce autosomal recessive Emery Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy, a disorder that phenotypically overlaps the neuromuscular and cardiovascular features seen with lamin A/C mutations [ 6 ] . Consistent with this, lamin A/C directly binds emerin [ 7 8 ] . Lamins A and C are broadly expressed in many different cell types and are primarily expressed in terminally differentiated cells.
Although these nuclear epitopes appear similar to nuclear speckles, the latter have not been reported as IF-associated structures, but rather storage sites of RNA processing proteins (see Sanford 2002, for a current, brief review [ 5 ] ). However, as it is know that lamins are involved in nucleo-skeletal organization [ 23 ] and organization of DNA replication sites [ 4 ] , it would not be unexpected to find lamins associated with nuclear speckles, perhaps as structural organizers.
In a recent search of all publicly available plant sequences, including the full Arabidopsis genome, no homologs of lamins were found ( [ 33 ] and Meier, unpublished results).
It is therefore likely that non-animal eukaryotes have a distinct set of nuclear envelope proteins that functionally replace the lamins.
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