Words similar to insulin-like
Example sentences for: insulin-like
How can you use “insulin-like” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R) maps to chromosome location 6q25-27 [ 14 ] ; a chromosomal region predicted to contain a head and neck tumor suppressor gene [ 10 11 ] . It encodes for a receptor that functions in intracellular lysosomal enzyme trafficking, transforming growth factor beta activation, and IGF2 degradation (reviewed in [ 15 16 ] ). Granzyme B internalization by the M6P/IGF2R is also required for cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in cells targeted for death, resulting in this receptor being referred to as a "death receptor" [ 17 ] . Elevated IGF2 levels during murine development arising from M6P/IGF2R deficiency result in cardiac abnormalities, cleft palate, fetal overgrowth and perinatal lethality [ 15 18 ] . Furthermore, large offspring syndrome frequently observed in cloned animals is associated with epigenetic changes in gene regulation and decreased M6P/IGF2R expression [ 19 ] . Thus, the M6P/IGF2R plays a crucial role in regulating mammalian fetal growth and development.
, which is responsive to polycyclic ligands present in environmental toxicants) in promoting apoptosis during fetal oogenesis has recently been identified in mice [ 43 44 ] . Prospective endocrine/paracrine modifiers (which are altered by nutritional regimen) of the fates of fetal germ cells include glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and leptin [ 1 45 ] .
. daf-2 encodes a receptor that is similar to those for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in humans; this hormone receptor normally speeds up ageing in worms, but the mutations inhibit its action and enable the organisms to live longer.
et al . found significantly different baseline expression levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) between normal and AIS-derived genital skin fibroblasts, and could not detect changes in transcript levels in response to androgen treatment [ 29 ] . In normal genital fibroblasts, androgen-responsive reporter genes can only be activated by expression of co-transfected AR in the presence of ligand [ 30 ] . Therefore, endogenous AR expression itself may be insufficient in genital skin fibroblasts to elicit a transcriptional response.
M6P/IGF2R loss of heterozygosity occurs frequently in human breast, liver and lung cancer [ 6 20 21 22 ] , and the remaining allele of 30 to 50% of these tumors contains an intragenic loss-of-function point mutation in the ligand binding domains [ 35 ] . The M6P/IGF2R is also commonly mutated in gastrointestinal and endometrial malignancies because its coding sequence contains a poly-G region that is a mutational target in tumors with mismatch repair deficiencies and microsatellite instability [ 23 24 ] . Functional studies show that the introduction of an exogenous wild-type M6P/IGF2R into human colorectal cancer cells with a single inactivated allele significantly decreases growth rate and enhances apoptosis [ 26 ] . Conversely, loss of M6P/IGF2R expression promotes cancer cell growth by increasing intracellular signaling from both the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and the insulin receptors [ 36 ] .
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