Words similar to hiv-associated
Example sentences for: hiv-associated
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Bacteremia is more common in hospitalized HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients [ 9 ] . The incidence of nonmycobacterial bacteremias in hospitalized patients with HIV ranges from 2% to 9% [ 10 11 12 ] . Most blood stream infections in patients with HIV are community acquired [ 13 14 ] . In developed countries, the incidence rate of HIV-associated bacteremia has declined after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [ 14 15 ] . In the present study, the incidence of blood stream infection among hospitalized patients with HIV was 7%, and most of these infections were community acquired.
We identified differences in the presentation of HIV-associated tuberculosis between men and women in Uganda; however, there were no differences in outcomes or survival at one year.
Another population-based study from San Francisco showed no excess of lung cancer among a cohort of men with AIDS [ 27 ] . The Italian Cooperative Study Group described 19 cases of HIV-associated lung cancer - 16 in tobacco smokers [ 28 ] . More recent studies have indicated an increase in incidence of primary lung cancer in patients with HIV infection [ 22 29 ] . Although there was no case of adenocarcinoma in the PIP study, it is the predominant cell type of bronchogenic carcinoma in patients with HIV infection [ 22 26 30 ] . The Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group has shown upper respiratory infection and bronchitis to be common in patients with HIV infection [ 3 ] . Because the PIP study included only hospitalized patients, minor respiratory problems were likely to have been ignored.
Prospective safety outcomes in our study are in accordance with reports from a retrospective analysis of 1,290 patients who interrupted treatment at least once (< 3 mo) without an increased risk of HIV-associated morbidity or mortality (with the exception of patients in Center for Disease Control and Prevention stage C during first interruption only) [21].
Indeed, unlike the atrophy and cell-death of infected central nervous system [ 1 ] , cardiac [ 2 ] , or gastro-intestinal [ 3 ] parenchyma, aberrant cell-cycle progression of infected renal epithelium is a defining feature of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) [ 4 5 ] . Yet, the mechanisms are largely unknown whereby HIV-1 subverts the cell-cycle controls that normally maintain renal epithelial in G 0 . Nonetheless, several observations from in vitro and in vivo models of HIVAN pathogenesis suggest that HIV-1 expression itself may be a key pathogenic factor.
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