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Example sentences for: guanylyl
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Classic adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases show a far more sporadic distribution, and are often present in multiple copies fused to a variety of signaling domains such as the cyclic nucleotide binding domains [ 24 ] . Cyclic nucleotide generating activity is not known to exist in a subset of the archaea [ 25 ] , though most of them contain a well-conserved copy of the CYTH domain.
NO is released by a cell through the action of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on its substrate, the amino acid arginine [ 20 ] . NO diffuses through the neighboring cells and elicits its functions by activating a soluble guanylyl cyclase (SGC) that synthesizes cGMP using GTP as a substrate [ 16 18 ] . The animal SGCs are dimeric enzymes comprised of two homologous subunits, α and β.
At convergence, this search detected, in addition to the soluble guanylyl cyclases from the animals, several bacterial proteins, including certain methyl-accepting chemotaxis receptors from bacteria such as Desulfovibrio and Clostridium . Transitive searches initiated with the small bacterial proteins that entirely correspond to the N-terminal-most domain of the SGCs also recovered the same set of proteins as observed in the earlier search, with e <.01.
The soluble guanylyl cyclases are important signaling molecules in animals that transduce signals mediated by the gaseous first messenger, nitric oxide [ 16 17 18 19 ] . In animals, NO functions as a neurotransmitter both in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Analogous active sites, that coordinate two metal ions, are observed in domains with similar activities, such as the classical adenylyl/guanylyl cyclases, family B DNA polymerases, pol-β fold nucleotidyl transferases, and triphosphatases or phosphoesterases of the HD and DHH superfamilies [ 11 15 19 20 ] . Consistent with these observations, both CyaB and ThTPase have been shown to require Mg 2+ions for their nucleotide cyclase and phosphatase activities [ 16 17 ] .
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