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Example sentences for: guanylyl
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Classic adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases show a far more sporadic distribution, and are often present in multiple copies fused to a variety of signaling domains such as the cyclic nucleotide binding domains [ 24 ] . Cyclic nucleotide generating activity is not known to exist in a subset of the archaea [ 25 ] , though most of them contain a well-conserved copy of the CYTH domain.
Analogous active sites, that coordinate two metal ions, are observed in domains with similar activities, such as the classical adenylyl/guanylyl cyclases, family B DNA polymerases, pol-β fold nucleotidyl transferases, and triphosphatases or phosphoesterases of the HD and DHH superfamilies [ 11 15 19 20 ] . Consistent with these observations, both CyaB and ThTPase have been shown to require Mg 2+ions for their nucleotide cyclase and phosphatase activities [ 16 17 ] .
NO is released by a cell through the action of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on its substrate, the amino acid arginine [ 20 ] . NO diffuses through the neighboring cells and elicits its functions by activating a soluble guanylyl cyclase (SGC) that synthesizes cGMP using GTP as a substrate [ 16 18 ] . The animal SGCs are dimeric enzymes comprised of two homologous subunits, α and β.
PSI-BLAST searches initiated with the C-terminal part of the SGC-specific extension (the region in between the above-detected N-terminal-most domain, and the C-terminal cyclase domain; human SGC1β, region: 200-370) recovered homologous regions from all other animal soluble guanylyl cyclases, and, additionally, N-terminal regions of histidine kinases from Nostoc and Anabaena species (eg.
Thus, the HNOB and HNOBA domains resemble functionally similar CACHE and CHASE domains, which have also been acquired by certain eukaryotic lineages via lateral transfer from bacteria [ 14 36 37 ] . A phylogenetic analysis of the guanylyl cyclase domains of the animal SGCs shows that their closest relatives are cyclases from various bacteria such cyanobacteria, and Leptospira (data not shown).
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