Words similar to excitatory
Example sentences for: excitatory
How can you use “excitatory” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
Because cerebellar granule cells appear to be inherently resistant to the cytotoxic effects of excitatory amino acids and neurotoxicity appears to be " ...facilitated when cellular energy is limited in cultured cerebellar neurons.
Furthermore, depending on their binding affinities and electrophysiological properties, the mammalian toxins are sub-classified into α- and β- toxins [ 7 8 ] , and the insect-specific toxins are subdivided into excitatory, depressant and α- insect toxins [ 9 ] . Several toxins which specifically affect sodium and potassium channels have been extensively studied with respect to their structure, mode of action and pharmacological properties [ 4 6 10 ] . In addition to the two main groups of toxins, several other toxins targeted toward Ca 2+ [ 5 ] and Cl - [ 11 ] channels have also been isolated during the past decade.
Distinct nAChR subtypes exist that can be stimulated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the natural product nicotine, or by synthetic compounds [ 1 ] . nAChR is the prototype for a protein superfamily that includes the receptors for the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, the inhibitory amino-acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, as well as the serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor [ 1 ] . Like most ligand-gated ion channels, nAChRs are homo- or hetero-pentameric, each monomer belonging to a pull of 8 alpha- or 3 beta-subunits (alpha 2-9 , beta 2-4 ). While each subunit has four transmembrane domains, the agonist binding sites are located at the subunit interfaces [ 2 ] . Both natural and synthetic ligands can display varied affinity for different receptor subtypes.
This results in weakly directional signals for each of the four cardinal directions of motion split into a cholinergic pathway, providing direct excitatory input onto the LPTC dendrites through T4-cells, and an indirect GABAergic pathway, relayed through the posterior layer of the lobula via T5-cells, providing inhibitory input to LPTC dendrites.
LPTCs also possess a large dendritic arbor on which they receive input from numerous columnar elements arising presumably from the medulla and the lobula (for review see: [ 1, 16] Many of these LPTCs do not produce regular action potentials but rather respond to excitatory or inhibitory stimuli by a graded shift of membrane potential [ 17, 18, 19, 20].
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