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Example sentences for: ers
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The NR family contains two related ERs (ERα and ERβ) that conform to the typical three domain NR structure and share extensive sequence homology in the DBD and LBD region [ 20 21 ] . Analysis of the function of the individual ERs in mouse knockout models suggests that the major proliferative effects of estrogen are mediated by ERα and not by ERβ, which seems to play an inhibitory role in proliferation in some studies [ 22 23 ] . The ligand-binding properties of the ERs are different, with ERβ often exhibiting stronger binding to plant-derived phytoestrogens [ 24 ] . More importantly, the ERs exhibit isoform-specific effects on gene expression.
The San Francisco 49ers' Bill Walsh designed an offense that took the rest of the NFL a decade to figure out.
In the National Football League playoffs , the Denver Broncos will play the Pittsburgh Steelers for one berth in the Super Bowl, and the San Francisco 49ers will play the Green Bay Packers for the other.
In situ hybridization and immunolocalization of ERα and ERβ in a variety of reproductive tract tissues in males and females have shown that in most instances either ERα or ERβ is expressed in a particular cell type, although some cell types, e.g., Leydig cells, ovarian surface epithelium, and epithelial and stromal cells of the uterus and breast, may show expression of both ERs [ 39 40 41 ] . However, since only a proportion of cells were detected to express ERα or ERβ in a single color immunohistochemistry [ 42 ] , such an approach cannot demonstrate coexpression of the ERs in a particular cell, nor indicate eventual transition from one ER subtype to another during differentiation.
ERα enhances AP-1 activity in response to estrogens, [ 28 29 ] but ERβ inhibits AP-1 activity in response to estrogens [ 29 30 31 ] . ERβ also completely suppresses ERα activity at the cyclin D1 promoter and even suppresses the activity of an ERα mutant that is selectively superactive at AP-1 sites and CREs [ 29 ] . Finally, ERβ shows a unique capacity to enhance AP-1 activity in response to selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as raloxifene, tamoxifen and ICI 182,780/Faslodex (ICI) [ 30 31 32 ] . Together, these observations suggest that there are fundamental differences in the way that the ERs bind unspecified cofactors that modulate gene expression, and that some of these cofactors must play a role in differential ER activity at AP-1 sites.
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