Words similar to endotoxin-stimulated
Example sentences for: endotoxin-stimulated
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With the description of lymphocyte-derived growth factor activities in the 1960s and 1970s, it was realized that activated lymphocytes secrete soluble factors that are critical for subsequent lymphocyte proliferation [ 2 3 ] . Moreover, in 1967 it was demonstrated that monocytes or macrophages serve as necessary accessory cells for the lymphocyte activation process [ 4 ] . Then, in the early 1970s several reports indicated that mitogen- or endotoxin-stimulated macrophages release soluble lymphocyte activating factors (LAFs) that also amplify the activation process [ 5 6 ] . Accordingly, lymphokines and monokines, which collectively came to be known as cytokines, became prime research subjects for those interested in lymphocyte activation [ 7 8 ] . However, it was not until the 1980s that the cell surface and soluble molecules responsible for the complex cellular changes of lymphocyte activation were identified.
Initially the nomenclature of IL-1 and IL-2 was created to delineate the sequential action of an assumed single macrophage-derived soluble factor (IL-1), which promoted the production of a single lymphocyte-derived factor (IL-2) [ 14 15 25 ] . However, the molecular nature of the LAF activity was never fully elucidated, even after the isolation and identification of multiple mitogen/endotoxin-stimulated macrophage-derived products, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α).
The process of membrane vesiculation and MP-release in platelets has been shown to require a calpain-dependent dissociation of membrane proteins from the submembrane cytoskeleton and most likely involves intracellular signaling by platelet protein kinases [ 10 ] . Besides platelets stimulated by various agonists such as thrombin with collagen or the complement complex C5b-9 [ 7 11 ] , a release of PS-containing membrane MP was demonstrated in other cell types such as endotoxin-stimulated monocytes [ 12 ] , polymorphonuclear leucocytes stimulated with the chemotactic peptide FMLP [ 13 ] or apoptotic T-lymphocytes [ 14 ] . The normal restriction of PS to the inner surface of the plasma membrane becomes perturbed in apoptotic cells [ 15 16 ] . When exposed, PS is a determinant for phagocyte recognition of cells to be cleared.
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