Words similar to endosomes
Example sentences for: endosomes
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PLD1 is an extracellular signal-activated phospholipase; its activity rises when receptors for certain hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and other mediators are activated, and upon treatment of cells with phorbol esters (reviewed in [ 7 8 ] ). Studies using recombinant PLD1 tagged with green fluorescent protein or Flu-epitopes indicate that it is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, late endosomes, and plasma membrane ( [ 6 ] , reviewed in [ 7 ] ). In vitro, basal PLD1 activity is usually low and can be stimulated by a variety of factors, including phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ), protein kinase C (PKC), and several small GTPases, e.g.
Mycobacteria enter macrophages primarily by conventional receptor-mediated phagocytic pathways [ 3 ] . Following phagocytosis, phagosomes containing viable tubercle bacilli fail to acidify, apparently because of failure to insert a proton-ATPase pump into the phagosomal membrane [ 4 5 6 ] . This leads to altered vacuolar maturation such that phagosome-lysosome fusion is blocked and the mycobacteria-containing vacuoles end up with an internal pH of about 6 and markers of phagosomes and early and late endosomes [ 7 8 9 10 11 ] . The mycobacterial genes responsible for these processes are largely unknown.
Furthermore, cells were incubated with the OxyBURST Green H 2 HFF at 37°C for 10 min so that the reduced dye is transported primarily into endosomes rather than lysosomes.
Co-localization experiments indicate that all of the OxyBURST Green H 2 HFF BSA is distributed in lysosomes but not endosomes after this labeling procedure (see below).
No actin structures were seen in association with these bacteria, implying that they were indeed deficient in virulence gene expression and failed to escape from the endosomes (Figure 1d).
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