Words similar to cryptosporidiosis
Example sentences for: cryptosporidiosis
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The number of cryptosporidiosis cases decreased annually: 126 cases were reported in 1995, 69 in 1996, 38 in 1997, and 32 in 1998 [ 31 ] . In the year 2001, only 13 cases of cryptosporidiosis were recorded in the AIDS Registry [ 33 ] . Because of the small study size, our ability to more precisely calculate matched adjusted odds ratios for the multivariable model were limited.
Prior studies of cryptosporidiosis in the US among AIDS patients did not interview incident cases, and therefore, often did not have information on individual-level waterborne exposures [ 3 23 24 25 ] . We also detected a strong negative association between the pattern of always drinking bottled water at home and cryptosporidiosis.
Foodborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in which the vehicle of transmission was identified are few and only one outbreak in Maine was definitively associated with contaminated fresh-pressed apple cider [ 28 ] . Other foodborne outbreaks due to cryptosporidiosis have implicated food handlers [ 29 ] and social events [ 30 31 ] . Person-to-person outbreaks have been better documented, such as those in hospitals [ 32 33 34 35 36 37 ] and day care centers [ 38 39 ] . It is becoming increasingly evident that cryptosporidiosis is one of the multitude of enteric pathogens that is endemic in hospital and day care settings [ 40 41 42 43 ] . Other routes of exposure to Cryptosporidium may be responsible for sporadic disease in the general population such as specific sexual contact with an infected individual [ 44 45 46 ] , travel to endemic countries [ 47 48 49 50 ] , and contact with animals, both domestic and livestock [ 1 2 51 52 ] . Recent studies in Australia have demonstrated that exposure to persons with diarrhea and swimming in public pools rather than consumption of untreated tap water are the sources of community-acquired cryptosporidiosis in that country [ 53 ] . The relative contribution for each of these modes of transmission to the total burden of sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons continues to be unknown in the U.S.
A study conducted in South Australia in 1993 using a similar approach found that only water-related risks, i.e. rain and spring water consumption, were significantly associated with cryptosporidiosis [ 55 ] . But more powerful, recent studies in the same country found no elevated risk for plain tap water consumption [ 53 ] . Given our difficulties in recruitment and sometimes conflicting data, such studies must be done in multiple communities simultaneously to obtain an accurate picture of the local situation.
We do, however, feel that the results in this paper will greatly benefit the design and planning of future studies of cryptosporidiosis particularly with respect to understanding the relationship between water consumption and travel.
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